مجله دانشکده دندانپزشکی مشهد
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 118، پاییز 1400)

Malva sylvestris is one of the most important plants used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health industries in most developing countries and has antiseptic properties. Salvia officinalis is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) and one of the most important herbal plants used as a disinfectant in traditional and modern medicine. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate essential oil components of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis collected from Meshgin Shahr Ardabil Province, Iran, and their anti-bacterial properties on common bacteria of oral infection, compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash.

In this research, Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis were collected from the Anzan region, Meshgin Shahr, northwest of Iran. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus, and gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry devices were used to analyze essential oil compounds and accurately measure the compounds. Afterward, the effect of the essential oil of these plants on the common bacteria of the oral infection was evaluated through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

According to the results, the essential oils of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis had significant inhibitory effects on different types of gram-negative and -positive bacteria. The comparison of the mean growth inhibition zone of these plants' essential oils with chlorhexidine showed that the antibacterial property of the plants' essential oil mixture on Streptococcus mutans was higher than that of chlorhexidine mouthwash, which was significantly different. On the other hand, a relative increase in the diameter means of the growth inhibition zone was observed by plants' essential oils mixture on Klebsiella pneumoniae, compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash, which was not significantly different (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that the essence of these herbs showed relatively similar results to that of chlorhexidine.

According to the findings, the essential oil of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis had a good anti-microbial effect against the common bacteria of oral infections. As a result, the mixture of essential oil of these plants with different concentrations, after performing more comprehensive studies, can be an appropriate alternative for chemical drugs and chemical mouthwashes in the treatment of oral bacterial infections.

This study aimed toevaluate the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash on microhardness and elastic modulus of dentine and cementum of healthy and periodontally involved extracted teeth.

Totally, 30 teeth extracted due to chronic periodontitis and 30 healthy teeth that were removed due to orthodontics treatments or latency were examined in this cross-sectional study. In each group, half of the samples were placed in 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash and the other half were placed in artificial saliva for two weeks. Subsequently,1 mm slices from beneath the CEJ in parallel with the horizon were prepared and the microhardness and modulus elasticity of dentin and cementum were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test (α=0.05).

There was an interaction between group and chlorhexidine for the variable of dentin microhardness; however, the interaction between group and chlorhexidine was not significant in terms of the variables of cementum microhardness, dentin, and cementum elasticity (P=0.196, P=0.897, and P=0.829, respectively). The mean dentin microhardness in the healthy and periodontitis samples in chlorhexidine was significantly higher compared to samples without chlorhexidine. In addition, the cementum microhardness, and dentin and cementum elasticity were significantly higher in the healthy group compared to those in the periodontitis group with or without chlorhexidine. Furthermore, the mean cementum microhardness, as well as dentin and cementum elasticity in the group of samples with chlorhexidine was notably higher compared to the group of samples without chlorhexidine.

Based on the obtained results,the application of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash improved the mechanical properties of the teeth (microhardness and modulus of elasticity) in the healthy and chronic periodontitis groups compared to those without mouthwash. The mechanical properties of dentin and cementum of healthy teeth were also higher compared to those with chronic periodontitis.

The diagnosis of pneumatization nearby the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is of utmost importance since it may facilitate the spread of pathologies into the joint and complicate TMJ surgery. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of pneumatized articular tubercle (PAT) and glenoid fossa (PGF) in panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

This cross-sectional study was conducted on panoramic and CBCT images in the archives of a specialized center for maxillofacial radiology in Zanjan, Iran, within 2017-2020. Panoramic and CBCT images of 220 patients were selected.The presence of pneumatization was recorded at the articular eminence and the glenoid fossa. The prevalence of pneumatization was determined by gender, age, location, and laterality. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using the chi-square test (p < 0.05).

In panoramic and CBCT images, the prevalence rates of PAT were 7.3% and 19.5%, and the prevalence rates of PGF were obtained at 11.4% and 35%s, respectively. The frequency of PAT and PGF was higher in females and subjects younger than 40 years, as compared to males and older cases. Unilateral cases were higher than bilateral cases for both pneumatizations. The most prevalent type was unilocular in PAT cases and multilocular in PGF cases.

As evidenced by the obtained results, PAT and PGF were relatively common in the study population. Furthermore, PAT and PGF can be examined more accurately on CBCT images, as compared to panoramic radiographs.

The lifestyle of people is influenced by various factors, such as common beliefs in society. Analysis of the oral health behaviors of people helps to set the correct behavioral correction strategies. In order to establish a proper relationship between healthcare providers and patients, it is necessary to have a correct understanding of peoples' beliefs in this regard. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of patients referring to dental centers towards some common beliefs in the field of oral health.

This descriptive cross-sectional study included 392 patients referring to different dental treatment centers in Isfahan, Iran, during 2020. The patients were then selected using the two-stage random cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was prepared by reviewing previous studies and professors' opinions. After obtaining the reliability and validity of the tool, it was used to assess the patients' attitudes. The questionnaire was then completed by the patients in person. The collected data were statistically analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean score of the patients' attitude was obtained at 3.15±0.29. There was no significant difference between males and females regarding the mean score of attitudes. Furthermore, no significant relationship was observed between the mean score of the patients' attitudes and their age (P=0.486). However, there was a significant relationship between the mean score of the patients' attitude and their education level (P=0.001).

According to the results, half of the patients had a moderate level of attitude. This indicates the need to inform and educate people, as well as change their attitude towards receiving oral health services. In addition, national media can play a more prominent role in achieving this goal.

This study aimed to evaluate the Fibronectin expression in peripheral and central giant cell granulomas (PGCG and CGCG) of jaws and giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone using immunohistochemistry.

In this retrospective study, PGCG (n=15), CGCG (n=15), and GCT (n=10) samples were selected from the archives of Dental School and Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Distribution pattern, staining pattern, and intensity of Fibronectin expression in extracellular matrix were investigated using the immunohistochemistry method according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Regarding the intensity of expression, 26 (65%) samples showed strong expression. On the other hand, 64.3 % of the PGCG samples demonstrated weak expression, whereas 46.3% of the CGCG samples showed strong immunoreactivity. There was a statistically significant difference between PGCG and GCT in terms of strong and weak expression. Furthermore, the Reticulate-Fibrillar staining pattern was observed in 19 samples. The Reticulate-Fibrillar and Fibrillar in CGCG lesions and Reticular patternin PGCG lesions were the most prevalent patterns. A statistically significant correlation was reported between the staining pattern and the type of the lesion. The uniform distribution pattern was observed in 33 samples; in addition, it showed the most distribution in CGCG, and most cases of the focal distribution pattern were observed in the PGCG lesions. The distribution pattern was not related to the type of lesion.

The findings of the present study showed more similarity between CGCG and GCT lesions regarding Fibronectin immunoreactivity. Therefore, further studies are required to evaluate the similar pathogenesis of these lesions.

The present study aimed to investigate the etiology and epidemiology of maxillofacial spaces infection in patients referred to Kamyab Hospital, Mashhad, during 2016-2019.

The medical records of patients who had been referred to Kamyab Hospital in Mashhad due to maxillofacial abscess were reviewed in this cross-sectional study. The research variables included gender, age, offending tooth, type of abscess, symptoms, systemic problems, smoking and alcohol use, type of antibiotics prescribed, type of anesthesia and surgical procedure, length of hospitalization, postsurgical complications. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19).

The present study was con conducted on 209 cases (including 86 (41.1%) females and 123(58.9%) males) with a mean age of 35.45±14.19 years. A number of 58 (27.8%) patients used cigarettes and tobacco and 26 (12.4%) subjects consumed alcohol. Moreover, 34 (16.3%) cases had a systemic disease. The highest frequency of offending tooth was related to lower third molar in 56 (26.8%) cases. The most infected site was submandibular in 108 (51.7%) cases, and the most abscess-related symptom was swelling in 179 (85.6%) subjects. The most common complication was Ludwig's angina, and the most prescribed antibiotic was clindamycin in 151 cases.

As evidenced by the results of the present study, maxillofacial abscesses can cause irreversible complications for patients. Patients with infected pterygomandibular and submasseteric spaces were more likely to be hospitalized longer than others.

Marginal misfit in screw-retained implant restorations when screwing torque leads to deformation of superstructure and formation of strain in the lower bone. Therefore, decreasing the marginal gap is considered one of the therapeutic goals in the fabrication of screw-retained implant-supported prostheses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four framework construction techniques on the marginal accuracy of screw-retained implant-supported fixed partial restorations.

The main model was an acrylic block with two implants that simulated 3-unit implant-supported screw-retained prostheses with a second premolar pontic. Standard abutments for screw veneers on implants were tightened with 25 Ncm torque. In this study, six metal frameworks were fabricated using four techniques, namely integrated casting, soldering, double casting, and soft metal CAD/CAM cobalt-chrome on the abutments and the marginal gap in the anterior and posterior bases was evaluated by the standard one screw test method. In the next step, the occlusal screw of both pins was tightened and the marginal gap was re-measured (definite fit). The mean scores of marginal gap values ​​were calculated in terms of passive fit and definitive fit. Finally, the results were assessed using one-way ANOVA and Tamhane post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).

The mean scores of the marginal gap were significantly different among the four studied groups regarding both passive fit and definitive fit (p < 0.001). According to the Tamhane post hoc test in the passive fit condition, the mean scores of marginal gap of CAD/CAM group were significantly lower than those in the other groups (p < 0.001).

The passivity of the screw-retained fixed implant frameworks was influenced by the manufacturing technique. It was revealed that CAD/CAM method exhibited the best passivity, compared to three conventional studied methods.

Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the microbes of the normal flora of the oral cavity, which is one of the common factors in the failure of root canal treatment. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the ability of barberry extract to prevent the formation of microbial biofilm by E. faecalis.

Initially, E. faecalis was cultured simultaneously with barberry bark and root extract, and biofilm formation was evaluated after 48 h. In the second stage of the active culture of the bacteria (48 h), all root and bark concentrations had similar growth inhibition with the control group. The same results were observed after two weeks. Fluorescence staining with SYPRO® Ruby (Invitrogen, USA, 2010) was used to confirm the formation of biofilm. Subsequently, all samples were examined by fluorescence microscope, and the results were reported using Relative Fluorescence Unit.

In the simultaneous cultivation of barberry and E. faecalis, root (30%), growth medium (50%), and bark (30%) had similar growth inhibition with the control group. After adding barberry bark and root extract (48 h), all concentrations of barberry bark and root showed similar growth inhibition with the control group. After two weeks of E. faecalis culture, the results were the same as those of the first group. However, wide and thick biofilms were formed in the samples without treatment and those treated with normal saline.

Due to the positive effects of barberry bark and root extract, it can be used to sterilize dental canals and can be considered a suitable alternative to hypochlorite.

Regarding the growth of social networks and health-related applications in mobiles, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of these networks and applications on the frequency of tooth brushing in children and adolescents.

Randomized clinical trials that have studied the effect of social media and health-related mobile applications on the frequency of tooth brushing in children and adolescents were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase database with a specific searching strategy and the data from the related articles were transferred to Endnote software. Subsequently, the duplicated articles were removed and the full texts of extracted articles were studied after the review of the titles and abstracts. The quality of articles was appraised using the ROB2tool. The results were analyzed and reported as Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) using STATA14 software after the extraction of quantitative data and calculation of changes of means and standard deviations. Eventually, the quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE tool. 

Based on the inclusion criteria three articles were included in the study, two of which were identified with a low risk of bias and there were some concerns regarding the risk of bias in the third article. The used interventions included the “social media” in two studies and “application” in one study. Two articles reported frequency of brushing per day and one reported it per month. The SMD of daily brushing frequency was not significant (P=0.57); however, the increase of monthly brushing frequency was significant (p < 0.001). The overall quality of the evidence of daily brushing frequency was evaluated as high based on the GRADE tool.

Based on the obtained results, social media and applications were not effective in increasing daily tooth brushing frequency in children and adolescents. Regarding the dearth of studies and contradictory results on this subject, there is a need for further studies.

The primary goal of endondtics is to prevent the spread of bacteria from the root canal to periapical space; therefore, the sealing ability of root canal filling material is of utmost importance. Cold ceramic is a relatively new retrofilling material which has demonstrated good sealing ability and acceptable criteria as root canal filler in previously conducted studies.

This case report describes the treatment and 2‐year follow‐up of a mandibular first molar which was filled with cold ceramic in a 42-year-old man. The treated teeth were asymptomatic, and the lesion was resolved after two years.

As evidenced by the obtained results, cold ceramic can be considered an effective material to promote the regeneration of apical tissue and root canal treatment.