نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1400)

Disasters and natural hazards is increasing every year, and urban – rural area face to this desasters. Iran is a country with many disasters, and have all kinds of desasters every year. Earthquake is one of the most important disaster in Iran, and have high casualties and damage in rural area. This research has estimated the vulnerability of villages in Eizeh county against earthquake. The method ia descriptive-analytical and data were provided using document review and field study. The ststistucal society of the study includes villages in Pian district(95 villages) in Eiza county and 6 villages were identified for the sample, with 1310 househlds and 150 questionnaires were completed in sample vellages. The resulte showed, first, there ara 42 villages in the low-risk earthquake zone, 20 villages in the medium- risk and 33 villages at high-risk. Second, two indicators are important in rural settlements in the earthquake contains: observance of technical criteria for housing construction and quality of residential materials. Eventually, Dehnow and Takoter villages have the highest vulnerability in earthquake. 

Today, strengthening entrepreneurship and creating a suitable environment for its development is one of the tools of economic development of countries, especially developing countries. Because entrepreneurial activities with high effectiveness lead to economic development (job creation, innovation in activities and competitiveness). In this regard, entrepreneurship in rural areas is a new solution in development theories for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to achieve rural development. Therefore, considering the necessity and importance of the issue, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and examining the role of effective entrepreneurship factors in the agricultural sector in order to develop rural areas of Rashtkhar district. This research is of an applied type that has been used in a descriptive-analytical manner to investigate the studied parameters. In this regard, the factors affecting entrepreneurship in 319 rural households living in 13 villages with more than 100 households in this district were studied. For this purpose, at first, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of indicators were determined. Then, data were collected based on selected indicators and using a household questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by experts. The validity coefficient of the questionnaire was equal to 0.77. In order to analyze the data, statistical analysis and Expert choice software, SPSS have been used. Findings indicate that, among the studied dimensions, personal factors (46.603) has the highest rank. On the other hand, the research findings show that among the studied villages in Rashtkhar sub-district of Fatehabad village, the highest impact factor (0.050) compared to other villages has the level of factors affecting entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector and also the village Fatah Abad is in the first place in terms of effective dimensions of rural development (0.047).

Climate change is a global phenomenon but has local consequences. O. This research is a descriptive-analytic method and field studies have been carried out as a questionnaire. In fact, the present research seeks to identify and explain women's perceptions of climate change and its impact on food security in the villages of Kuhak-Esfandak district of Saravan City in the eastern border of Iran. To this end, a sample of 150 female households who were selected by systematic random sampling method based on the Cochran model and first individually examined the perceptions, knowledge and opinions of the female head of household about the subject, then grouped and interviewed with them done. The main objective of this study was to identify and analyze the implications of climate change and its impact on the food cycle of rural households in this border region. Therefore, the views of rural women in this area in different stages were considered as control and control. The results of this study showed that during the last ten years there have been significant changes in the climate of the region, and the impact of some meals on some families has diminished, while the quality and quantity of food in the area have decreased and the level Household income has also fallen, and women have been more affected. Understanding the health status of women affected by climate change in the region is now helping national and regional managers and policy makers to choose appropriate strategies to improve livelihoods in this area and to improve the people's capabilities and capabilities in planning and acting appropriately.

The main purpose of this study is to measure the resilience of rural areas in Dolatabad rural area of ​​Jiroft city against earthquake. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Theoretical data of the research were collected by library method and using the data of the Statistics Center of Iran, existing books and articles. Field information was also collected by observation method. After extracting the indices (natural and human), the weight of the indices was obtained using the multivariate model (FAHP); Then they were analyzed by software (GIS). Analysis of the findings using fuzzy model shows: among the research indicators, the highest weight value has the main and sub-fault index and the lowest value is related to the employment index of ten years and more. The results also show that the studied villages do not follow a single pattern and their resistance coefficient against earthquakes is different. As 60% of all villages in Dolatabad rural area are located in areas with high and very high resilience, also villages such as Dolatabad, Aliabad and Razi Abad have the most damage during earthquakes and have resilience. ‌ Improvements are so low طوری that the area with very low impedance, which has a value of 0.005-0.12, accommodates 3 villages that cover 10% of the total villages There are 16 villages in the area with very high resilience, which includes a value of 0.47-0.85, with 53% of the total villages.

ivelihoods and finally the forces and factors influencing the environment and socio-economic trends affecting their formation. In such a way that it has become one of the main elements of the center of one's life. Therefore, one of the factors that can play an important role in the development and physicality of rural housing is microcredit. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction of villagers receiving housing foundation facilities from the quality of housing units in the study area. The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used and field and library methods have been used to collect information. The statistical comprehensive of this research includes 889 people who have benefited from receiving loans in the period of 1384-1383. According to the modified Kokuan formula, 110 questionnaires have been distributed among the borrowers to establish the principle of justice among all of them. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance) and inferential statistics based on t-test (single sample, correlation) and Vikor model were used. Findings showed that receiving a loan from the Rural Housing Foundation has been able to provide a significant impact on rural housing units. Also, nonparametric analysis of the correlation between the six criteria in the studied villages shows that there is a direct relationship between these indicators. Thus, with the increase of the effect of each of the indicators considered in the research, other indicators and their effects also show an increasing trend. has the highest rank and the villages of Arhan and Koohzin with the rate of (0.96) and (0.64) have the lowest rank in terms of the effectiveness of receiving housing foundation loans among the villages in the study area.

Rural development is increasingly linked to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship; because entrepreneurship by creating job opportunities and wealth creation and improving economic conditions, innovation in activities and competitiveness is a basic precondition for improving the level of development of society. Entrepreneurship is a process in which the entrepreneur starts small and new economic activities with his capital. But it should be noted that the formation of entrepreneurship requires the provision of appropriate contexts and backgrounds required by entrepreneurship. Accordingly, Understanding the factors affecting entrepreneurship is inevitable. One of these factors is financial skills or financial literacy. Because it is one of the factors and abilities that can determine the success of an entrepreneur, the better entrepreneurs learn this skill, the better they can master their life and business. This study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of financial skills training on financial literacy (knowledge, behavior and attitude) of entrepreneurs in Semirom city. The study sample consisted of 32 people available and snowballs and randomly assigned to two groups A (trained group) and B (untrained). The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.78. The results of the analysis showed that training on different dimensions of financial literacy was effective and the means of entrepreneurs were significantly higher. In Figure 3, the training of financial skills affects financial literacy and its dimensions in entrepreneurs.