نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1402)

Nowadays, changes in food consumption patterns due to urbanization, increasing per capita consumption, economic growth and the move from local to global in the consumer markets necessitate ensuring food security for different countries, especially developing ones. This study investigates the impact of rural-urban linkages affected by spatial flows on food security. The present research method is quantitative and has been conducted by employing a descriptive-analytical method. The research population consisted of households in peri-urban villages of Dehdasht. Twenty one villages were randomly selected using Cochran's formula. 358 households were randomly selected from 3538 households using Cochran's formula. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS to analyze the collected data. In addition, the structural equation model (SEM) of partial least squares regression (PLS) method was applied using SMART PLS 3. The results indicate that rural-urban linkages affected by spatial flows (independent variable) with a T value of 27.678 and a path coefficient of 0.745 have a positive effect on food security (dependent variable). Moreover, the results of multivariate linear regression showed that the social linkage and the economic linkage variable with the values 0.509 and 0.151 respectively had the greatest and the least impact on food security.

Sustainable spatial development, in addition to general factors of development, also includes ‎ecological aspects, equality, integration, compatibility and environmental limitations. This ‎approach tries to deal with the phenomenon of regional imbalances and provide appropriate ‎solutions to achieve balanced and sustainable development at the level of the country. The ‎purpose of the present research was to analyze the use of rural spaces with an emphasis on ‎sustainable spatial development in Delfan villages. The methodological process used this ‎research is applied in terms of purpose, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The ‎method of collecting data and information is in the form of library and documental. Dimatel ‎cause and effect tool was used to analyze the information. which was done by the expert ‎panel method. The findings indicate that the spatial planning of Delfan villages is not based ‎on the strategic indicators of spatial sustainable development, but rather the formation of ‎factors such as: governance of economic thinking (1.17), and skeletal-infrastructure (0.67). as ‎the most influential, and equality and integration (-0.75 and -0.74) as the most impressionable ‎factors. Therefore, the planning of these settlements has not been in the framework of ‎sustainable development, especially spatial sustainable development. It means that it does not ‎include the principle of interdisciplinary and supra-disciplinary (the element of people and ‎place) which is a strategic challenge of sustainable spatial development. This has caused the ‎imbalance and spatial balance of the villages of this city. In the end, suggestions such as: ‎reforming the mental and executive structure of officials from paying attention to the general ‎dimensions of development, in terms of factors of equality, integration, compatibility and ‎existing environmental limitations; Rejecting the views of rural development from a purely ‎economic and political point of view; etc. has been presented.‎

In today's era, there is a growing trend in the exploitation of concepts related to tourism, especially in the field of agricultural tourism. The main goal of these efforts has been to create world-class and domestic attraction for tourists to be used for various political, economic and social purposes. The upcoming article has identified the factors affecting the sustainability of agricultural tourism and provided suitable solutions for its development with a hybrid approach. Using Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step Meta-Synthesis method, a comprehensive review was conducted on all scientific-research and scientific-progressive articles indexed in domestic and foreign databases. In this research, an effort was made to review the published research until 2021, and as a result of this search, 110 articles were found with the approach of agricultural tourism and the factors affecting its sustainability, and after screening, the number of initial articles was reduced to 40 articles, suitable for coding and analysis. it placed. The findings of this research showed that the factors affecting the sustainability of agricultural tourism can be affected by several factors, and in this context, seven categories that can affect this matter more than other factors were discussed. These categories include institutional factors; infrastructure; educational; semantic and perceptual; environment and aesthetics; functional-structural and finally cultural factors. Also, the results of this study can be used by policy makers and planners of tourism, agriculture and entrepreneurship sectors.

Villages, as the main pillars of production, have great potential in using e-commerce services. Considering the position of information and communication technology (ICT) in the global arena and the existence of many problems in rural areas, including the supply of manufactured products, the electronic marketing solution is one of the development approaches in this field. In this research, the effective drivers of electronic marketing in the rural areas of Khoshab County have been identified. This research is a applied, descriptive-analytical and has a mixed method. After reviewing the literature and the background of the research in the sources, the necessary data were collected using the Delphi method in three stages, and the structural analysis method was used for its analysis. The participants were 26 marketing and rural development experts. 18 primary variables were identified in effective economic, social-cultural, infrastructural-environmental and political-institutional dimensions. The primary variables were defined in the framework of the cross-effect matrix in Mic Mac software. The state of the dispersion plate of the variables indicates the instability of the electronic marketing system in the range where most of the variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plate; Accordingly, five categories of variables were identified. According to the high score of direct and indirect influence, 11 main factors were identified as the key drivers of e-marketing in the region. Among theme, the government's efforts to provide non-discriminatory access to information technology and electronic marketing in the first place, the approval of necessary laws and the establishment of legal infrastructure, the quality and ease of access to supporting institutions, the competitiveness of the agricultural market and the increase in the share of electronic transactions, increase Trust in this type of marketing, the security of the electronic marketing network, etc. are in the next degrees of importance, respectively.

, the aim of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the formation of creative settlements in rural areas. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and type of information gathering. Collecting data and information in both documentary and field form (questionnaire) in 5 dimensions of rural development, economic, social-cultural, institutional-management, environmental, physical and 6 dimensions of creative settlements (flexibility, initiative, education and promotion), risk-taking, leadership, participation) were done. The statistical population of the research included heads of households in the villages of Roshtkhar Township, based on the Cochran formula, the sample size of 377 households was calculated, and for the validity of the questionnaires in this study, the decision-making groups including 15 elites (university professors), experts and managers of rural and agricultural development were asked for their opinions. In this regard, it was distributed in a simple random manner. For ranking and spatial analysis of the village, multi-mora and Arc GIS techniques were used, and for data analysis, multi-criteria decision making techniques and statistical tests were used using Expert choice, SPSS software. Based on the analysis, participation index using Expert choice software has the highest score (0.30) and risk index has the lowest score (0.11). The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the formation of creative villages and the development of rural areas in such a way that the correlation coefficient between the factors affecting the process affecting the formation of creative settlements and development at the level of rural areas is 0.627. Obtained. Therefore, it can be stated that the more effective factors are on the formation process of creative settlements in rural areas, the improvement process of development in villages will increase.

The development of tourism in rural areas is an essential element and one of the ways to save villages from poverty, migration and social and economic problems. With the decline of traditional industries as sources of income for rural communities, these communities should find alternative means to strengthen economic resources for the development of their communities. Currently, among the types of rural tourism, food tourism has become very important. The author's problem is to identify the set of factors and structures affecting the role of food tourism in the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province. The main goal of this research is to identify the structures and determine the relationships between the components of food tourism and the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province. The method of collecting information is in the form of library studies. The data of this research were classified into two parts, qualitative and quantitative. Data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires. The community investigated in this research, experts include managers and senior experts of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Mazandaran Province. In order to create a model of the role of food tourism on the sustainable development of rural settlements in Mazandaran province, the interpretive-structural modeling method was used, the structures of which were identified through qualitative methods and content analysis methods. In the following, using MICMAC software, the degree of influence and effectiveness of the variables on each other has been determined. The results of the research show that at the tenth level of the model, the "government support" structure is placed, which is the foundation of the model, and the sustainable development of villages starts from this policy and spreads to other structures. Finally, in the first level of the model, there is the "social structure" structure, which is the result of the relationships between the structures of our previous levels and results in the sustainable development of the village.

Drought affects a wide range of climates and ecosystems. Meanwhile, the effect radius of the drought phenomenon is more in rural areas than other areas, because rural economy and life rely relatively heavily on natural resources and agricultural activities. The present study was carried out with the aim of grouping and prioritizing the villages of Qorveh and Dehgolan counties in order to show the difference in the severity of drought and the degree of vulnerability caused by it. The data obtained from calculating the severity of drought showed that the counties of Qorveh and Dehgolan had a mild drought during the studied years. Also, in the discussion of drought vulnerability in the studied settlements, 13 villages were selected as samples and their vulnerability was measured using certain variables. 100% of the surveyed villages in Qorveh and Dehgolan counties have drought experience. The results of Tuki's grouping show that the sample villages are different in terms of vulnerability in the level of indicators of income from the main and secondary livelihoods of the household, exploitation of agricultural water, diversity of household livelihoods and reduction of the area under water cultivation. The biggest difference between villages is the level of access to agricultural water sources. Finally, using the spline interpolation method in the GIS system, the studied villages were zoned in terms of drought severity and degree of vulnerability.Key words: vulnerability of villages, water shortage crisis, zoning, drought

Among the main flows between urban and rural settlements are economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place with the transfer of manufactured products to the city and the provision of necessary agricultural inputs from the city, followed by other flows (labour force, people, capital, etc.). ..) affects Spatial flows between the city and the village over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. If these relations are complementary, they lead to two-way functions and can become the foundation of rural development. The descriptive-analytical research method and the required data were collected with the help of documentary and field methods.In this study, 22 villages were selected using the stratified sampling method. The unit of analysis was farmers in the sample villages of Khorram Abad County, after quantifying the variable of economic capacities (agriculture) and intensity of rural-urban flows, their relationship was investigated. In order to measure the relationship between agricultural capacities and urban-rural links after extracting the amount of agricultural and garden land under cultivation and the products produced, and then calculating the per capita products separately by product and village using the Pearson correlation test and ranking the villages using the Vicor model and AHP was used to weight the criteria.The results indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between the two variables of the economic capacities of the studied villages and the intensity of rural-urban flows with a strong intensity (0.812) at the 99% confidence level.