فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 69 (تابستان 1400)

The political function of the various units within the country depends on the type of government and political system in the country. Most researchers merely describe the functional and structural features of space policy management and explain how countries are divided and ignore the impact of different factors on the way political management of space has been. Governments have to reorganize their territory politically in order to govern and govern their territory. Also, the level of power and authority of the regions within the countries depends on the type of political system governing the countries. The context and framework of the administrative organizational structure of a country is determined by the political management of space. If the system of political management of space is hierarchically high, the organizational structure will also tend to be high. The high structure, in addition to slowing down the information process, has led to the expansion of bureaucracy due to the need for facilities, resources and manpower, and the complication of bureaucracy, waste of resources and high costs. Marxism has been chosen as a discourse centered on justice, and Castro-era Cuba has been chosen for analysis as a country influenced by this discourse. In Cuba after the 1959 revolution against the dictator Batista, the centralist structure that prevailed during his time continued in a different way. Cuban society before the revolution was different from the civilized societies of the time, the fundamental distinction between the deprived and the affluent, the rulers and farmers and citizens of Havana with other peoples, had created a rift that could make Cubans two separate nations. A select group of prominent government officials, army officers, and landowners ruled the community, and the rest of the people lived in deplorable living, health, and educational conditions.This study is about the political management of space in Cuba after the 1959 revolution.

The nature of exploratory research is descriptive-analytic and uses library resources, and the method is also influenced by the provocative methods; discourse is, according to a dominant definition, intellectual and practical logic ruling over a specific time and place, the ideology of a state Can be considered a hegemonic discourse. Using the method of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis to analyze phenomena, events and socio-political issues requires accurate knowledge of the concepts used by the two, as long as the researcher has not learned these concepts properly, their application and formulation in various subjects. It is difficult and impossible, the most important concepts and terms of Lacla and Mouffe that are often used in this research are such as articulation, domain of discourse, obstruction, chain of equivalence and so on.. 

The ideology of government in Cuba has had a special impact on its political management. The characteristics of Cuba in the form of the analysis of the discourses of Lacla and Mouffe, describe and then influence the dominant discourse on Cuba in its political management after the 1959 revolution. After the revolution, ideology of Marxism paid attention to the necessity of paying attention to all aspects of the Cuban nation, and it became apparent on all issues of this country. At periods in the life of Cuba's socialist system over the past 60 years, this discourse has had its weaknesses. Not all Cubans agreed with the new regime, and the US-backed opposition created problems for a goal-oriented and egalitarian justice discourse. The popular discourse in post-revolutionary Cuba was easily introduced to the traditional society of the country. People had not forgotten the bitter experience of the Spanish, American and colonial period of Batista and his allies, the new discourse gained credibility with them. The type of government in Cuba is centralist and simple, and the main powers and institutions of government are all concentrated in Havana. All states are under the control of the central government and are subordinate to the government in important decisions and have no special autonomy. This centralism is also one of the policies of the Cuban revolutionary discourse. Autonomy has been widely condemned for economic sabotage and interaction with the United States since the beginning of the revolution, and states are unlikely to become autonomous for many years to come. The states have full authority over local affairs, and all elements of local government are elected by the local people, but the policy of most local policies is also determined by the Communist Party offices there, although this has changed since the constitutional amendment.

From the research results, it appears that Cuban political management of space is centered on the separation of powers and recognizes the constitution of civil and religious freedoms.. The blockade of the Cuban revolutionary discourse after the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a revision of the constitution, which has guaranteed the revision and revision of the entrenchment of Cuban revolutionary discourse. Keywords: Discourse Analysis,Cuban Revolution,Political management of space,Laclau ∧ Mouffe, Socialism.

 Rural settlements as spatial-spatial systems, like all systems under the influence of internal forces and current trends in their environment and external forces and trends in various ways are subject to constant  dynamics and change and in a dynamic interaction of different forces  affecting color and  Are formed.  One of the factors influencing the physical-spatial developments of rural settlements that in recent years, these areas have faced a complex spatial crisis is the physical phenomenon of "sprawl" that over time by swallowing rural lands, agricultural and garden uses to  It transforms residential, commercial and service and, ultimately, leads to the integration and unification of  villages to meet the rapid growth of population and meet high demand, reflecting the flow of influence - the impact of internal factors (natural forces - ecological and social -  Economic) and external forces (political-administrative decisions and civil actions), each of which in the context of time and dynamic interaction, somehow cause physical-spatial  changes and vulnerability of rural areas.        

 The present study is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose, method and description of the current situation and conditions, and data collection has been done using documentary and library methods and survey data.  The statistical population of this study includes all rural settlements in Chamestan section of Noor city located in three villages (Natel Rustaq, Mianroud and Lavij) with 87 villages that are naturally located in mountainous, foothill and plain sections.  The selection of rural settlements from all three villages is based on their natural characteristics, population and distance from the city.  In order to determine the sample size, an average of 20% of the villages from each village was considered and based on the proportional allocation, out of 87 villages, 17 villages were selected.  Then, using Morgan and Krejcie table, according to the population and number of households in each village, 250 heads of households were selected as a sample and  questionnaires were distributed among them using a simple random sampling method.  Local managers (councils and village heads) were also questioned due to their responsibility to monitor and control land use change in rural areas in full.  Data collection in this study wasobservational and questionnaire and information analysis was performed both qualitatively and  quantities.          

 Factors affecting the formation of sprawl  in rural lands of Chamestan region can be divided into two categories: internal factors (environmental or natural-ecological, economic, social and physical  factors) and external factors (political and legal factors).  According to the research findings, it was found that the pattern of sprawl and land use change in rural settlements of Chamestan region has been affected more than anything by its environmental-ecological factors;  The existence of three plains, foothills and mountains and the existence of  different slopes from north to south of the region, indicates the existence of diverse topography of the region, which has caused all areas in different heights and slopes of the region, the phenomenon of sprawl and change  Experience land use.  On the other hand, the economic problems of the people such as low income and decrease in income of rural households from the agricultural sector, rising prices and stock exchanges after land use change, low prices of agricultural products, low productivity of capital in the agricultural sector and land returns in the sector  Agriculture and service and housing activities and changes in household income along with higher prices of agricultural inputs, import of similar products at lower prices, higher profitability in service and industrial activities, high production costs, high risk and risk in agricultural activities, hard work  Agriculture has joined hands to make the phenomenon of sprawl and land use change occur widely and with much higher speed and intensity in the agricultural and garden lands of the studied rural areas, especially in the Chamestan plain area.  In this regard, population growth and migration along with the spontaneous expansion of second-home tourism, lower social status of agriculture compared to activities related to services (tourism), changing the  lifestyle of villagers from simplicity to luxury, the existence of  smallholder farming and plots  Land fragmentation has been a social   factor in the formation of the creep phenomenon. The expansion of   communication routes, transportation networks and easy access, has  played an important role in creating spatial and functional connections between settlements in the region and in fact by providing the possibility  Infrastructure and superstructure services in rural areas have caused   spatial changes and sprawl in the region.  Weak government support   policies for agriculture and farmers were recognized as one of the most important and effective external factors in the formation of sprawl in the rural areas under study.  Approval and implementation of the rural  master plan, weakness of institutions and executive bodies in the implementation of land use protection laws, weakness in control and supervision. Construction and issuance of licenses by the responsible organizations, the law of successive division of land between children due to inheritance law, the lack of a system of registration of documents and property and the predominance of the charter system of real estate, the process of sprawl formation and increase in construction  And has accelerated gardens in the  areal.

Conclusion: 

 In general, in order to explain the causes and factors of sprawl formation in rural areas of Chamestan, the effectiveness of each factor alone in this process will be a one-dimensional, simplistic and reductionist analysis and a systemic, co-synergistic and synergistic   view.To all the internal and external factors governing rural settlements,  it is inevitable.  And studies showed that rural sprawl in rural settlements of Chamestan is not sustainable for development, so that the path and goal of development has been reduced from a comprehensive development process to economic growth.

Achieving social justice and development is one of the most important concerns of developing countries today. Whereas how the political organization of space affects the realization or non-realization of social justice; Therefore, the ruling political system in order to better manage its territory, to establish maximum coordination and efficiency based on various geographical, political, economic, social, cultural elements and in order to facilitate the sovereignty of the government to the lowest political levels in the country, uses the tools of political organization of space. In the meantime, it should be noted that the division of the country as one of the most important tools of political organization of space, for better management and greater use of regional talents. In other words, the realistic application of divisions of the country based on scientific principles and spatial needs is done with the two objectives of optimizing places and optimizing functions and activities, ultimately, it will fertilize internal-place capacities and achieve local, national and regional development.Now, due to the existence of unbalanced natural conditions, lack of uniform distribution of vital resources, the existence of a centralized government system that has led to a lack of optimal distribution of population and facilities in Iran; It should be noted that wrong decisions related to the geographical space of the country can lead to the emergence of various challenging factors in the interests of the country. In the meantime, recognizing how the elements and factors affecting the political division of Iranian space with the aim of gaining a realistic and comprehensive view in this field, to address the challenges to achieve the goals of political division of space is essential. Therefore, during the present study, we intend to determine the impact of elements and factors such as the form of government, ecological minorities, geography of power and support, etc. on the division of space in Iran, and finally through systematic analysis with the presentation of the model to evaluate the role of factors and elements affecting the political division of Iranian space and its consequences.

Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the political division of space in Iran in the form of systemic thinking in a descriptive-analytical manner, in terms of applied results and with an exploratory purpose. Therefore, at first, the factors affecting the political division of space in Iran were determined through library studies, and then to determine the importance of each component in the political division of space, a quantitatively and specifically researcher-made questionnaire was used, which is based on the Likert scale of one (very low) to five (very high) rated. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach's alpha. If the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is calculated for a scale greater than 0.7, the reliability of that scale is considered desirable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this study was calculated to be 0.71. Therefore, the reliability of the questionnaire has been evaluated as desirable and its validity has been confirmed by the judgment of experts as well as full coverage of theoretical foundations. Friedman inferential test has also been used to prioritize the impact of each component on the political division of space. A small sample of 30 experts related to the subject was considered and finally the result was modeled and reviewed based on systemic thinking through Vensim software.

Based on this model, we finally found that the form of government with a rank of 10.3, informal factors with a rank of 9.8 (which include the influence of supra-regional powers, parliamentarians, imams, government institutions, Islamic councils) and the population with a rank of 9, are the most effective components in the political division of the Iranian space.

 Also, in the Law of national divisions approved by 62, the basis of unification is mainly considered as a single criterion and based on population; It is obvious that considering such incomplete bases for Iran's geographical spaces, in which the topographic structure is heterogeneous and the pattern of population distribution and resources is unbalanced, will result in the emergence of various functional and physical challenges in the political division of Iranian space. Therefor amending and clarifying the law of division of the country with an unchangeable executive mechanism in such a way that no intervention by power agents is possible, while considering a multi-criteria model to achieve a more balanced pattern of space divisions, fertilization of internal-place capacities and finally achieving local, national and regional development is essential.

In Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution, an attempt was made to provide maximum housing with an urban land plan. However, population growth and population flows along with economic trends in the following decades led to a large population of homeless people (especially in urban areas). In this regard, in 2008 (during the first term of Ahmadinejad's presidency), the Mehr housing project was implemented in Iran. Few studies in the field of pathology of Mehr housing have identified significant challenges in various fields. In the field of architecture, insufficient use of Iranian-Islamic architecture features and little attention to the use of identity indicators is a considerable drawback of Mehr housing. Also, in the field of social stability and in the form of indicators such as security, identity, sense of belonging, and cultural spaces, Mehr housing has not had the necessary efficiency. Therefore, in terms of the dimensions of residential quality such as economic and physical, cultural and physical, cultural and environmental, and environmental and physical, Mehr Housing has not been able to provide appropriate residential quality. In the implementation of the sewage project, shortage of educational and recreational units, urban space, asphalting of streets and provision of public spaces such as parks and ways to access units and street layout are facing challenges. Also, in terms of locating, studies have shown that the selected areas have not been identified as areas with priority and suitable for housing construction. In general, although comprehensive studies have not been conducted in the field of Mehr housing challenges of Sahand new city, considering the overall compliance of housing projects with the same structure and framework, it can be claimed that the set of economic, social, environmental and physical problems listed in the studies (in the cities of the country) can also be referred to the housing of the new city of Sahand.

The present research method is descriptive-analytical and survey, and both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and survey, and both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. The study's statistical population includes the resident population of the Aftab complex in the new city of Sahand, which is equal to 945 people, and the sample size was obtained through Cochran's formula equal to 273 people. First, the normality of the data was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the research questions, and after confirming the normality of the data, Pearson correlation and second-order confirmatory factor analysis were applied. The structural equation modeling approach was exerted using SPSS, MPLUS, and AMOS software to analyze the data. In this research, first, exploratory factor analysis based on principal component extraction and VARIMAX rotation method was applied using SPSS software to discover factors affecting the architecture of Mehr housing. Then, using MPLUS software, a confirmatory factor analysis method was used to confirm the exploratory factor structure. In the qualitative method, in-depth interview method was used. The statistical population is 36 architecture and urban planning professors and experts in the East Azerbaijan Housing Foundation. Responders' voices were coded using MAQXDA software. Responders' voices were coded using MAQXDA software and analyzed based on the method of structural equations and the alternative table.

The present study is related to Mehr housing architecture based on the physical-social dimension in the new city of Sahand, which the results showed that the index value (CMIN / DF) is equal to 3.85 which is desirable value for model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.999, which indicates the acceptability of this rate for optimal fit of the model. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is 0.000, which is acceptable due to being smaller than 0.05 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 1.000, and the parsimony normed fit index (PNFI) is 0.82, which all indicate the desired fit and approval of the research model. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all physical-social factors on the Mehr housing architecture are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 99% probability level. Comfort and security with a factor loading of 0.83 have the greatest impact on the housing architecture of the new city of Sahand. After that, landscape beauty (with factor loading 0.82), strength (with factor loading 0.80), privacy (with factor loading 0.79), facilities and equipment (with factor loading 0.71), location optimal (with a factor loading of 0.64), compatibility (with a factor loading of 0.56), accessibility (with a factor loading of 0.49) and culture (with a factor load of 0.11), respectively.

According to the obtained results, it is concluded that physical-social factors are influential in the satisfaction of Mehr housing residents of the new city of Sahand and there is a direct relationship between them. The results of this study are in line with internal researches such as Ansari, (2015), Imani et al, (2019), Barzegar et al. (2019), Pourahmad et al. (2019), Purdihimi et al. (2013), Pourmohammadi et al. (2014), Dashti et al. (2019), Hassanpour et al. (2019), and foreign researches such as Bentely et al., 2019, Boomsma et al., 2017, Duvier et al., 2018, Friesinger et al., 2019, Ramos et al., 2018.

Land-use and related developments are the results of a complex network of interactions between internal forces (natural-ecological and socio-economic environment)and a set of external factors that can be traced in an interconnected chain. Prerequisite for understanding these developments recognize the fundamental and important factors that shape these changes (Saeedi and Shafiei, 2008). These changes have forced planners in the process of land planning to carefully consider the issue of changes in the spatial system of land-use. Meanwhile, some researchers have focused on understanding land use change independently and based on studying the trend of change. Others have sought to understand the impact of demographic or environmental issues on land use change.

This research is of a fundamental-applied type and relies on both library and field methods and has investigated the factors influencing land-use changes. In the library method, by referring to various scientific sources, including books, articles, scientific reports and related documents, classification techniques, resource evaluation, note-taking and summarizing have been used. According to field research techniques, multi-time remote sensing images and GIS, direct observation and interview methods have been used.

Kashan, is the significant administrative, political and economic center of Isfahan Province and most-populous cityin the region. Due to its special structure in providing various services and facilities, There are also cities outside the towns, so that perhaps the term "exclusive usurpation of needs" (Ehlers, 2001, 234) in the region can be best attributed to it. The study shows that in the last thirty years (1986-2016) the population and size of the city have expanded that itself has a direct relationship in the uses . Factors affecting land-use change in the central part of Kashan include: Socio-cultural, economic and physical factors.  As indicated earlier, the city of Kashan, due to its important economic position in the region as an important external factor, has affected the land use system of the surrounding villages. Accordingly, the trend of these changes is towards the destruction of more agricultural lands and increasing man-made uses. In 2017, the area of ​​lands built in the central part of Kashan reached 6995.75 hectares. Forecasts show that this figure will be added to 6996 hectares in 2031 which indicates physical-spatial conflicts in the study area. Table 6 shows the matrix of land-use changes during the years 1396-1381 in terms of percentage. The results of land-use changes show that in the study area, the highest change with 17.75% and barren lands with the lowest change of 0.009% had the lowest conversion rate to constructed lands.

According to the research findings, in the study area, several internal and external factors have led to changes in the use of agricultural lands (agricultural and horticultural) from other uses. Also, analysis based on demographic indicators show the polarity of the population in Kashan city and surrounding villages and other villages in the district. Continuation of the current unbalanced spatial-spatial trend have irreversible environmental consequences and, consequently, socio-economic consequences. In addition to intensify urbanization in the region, lead to a sharp rate of migration of villagers to the city and depopulation of villages. This means increasing spatial imbalances in the region. The effects and consequences of this growth, meanwhile, increase the polarity of Kashan city and surrounding villages, which is associated with the focus on changing agricultural lands (agricultural and horticultural) to industrial man-made uses and related production units. Industrial and manufacturing uses, meanwhile, have had far-reaching effects on environmental conditions due to their unbridled and uncontrolled nature. These include consequences such as the expansion of the city in rural areas and agricultural lands around the city, the destruction of small pastures in mountainous and mountainous areas, pollution of water and soil resources, air pollution and human problems caused by these pollutions. In addition, the logical result of agricultural land-use changes in the region exposes pressure on infrastructure networks such as water, gas, electricity, etc. Practical goals should be set to preserve the environment, the independence of the villages and to prevent dispersal. To facilitate the achievement of the mentioned content goals, in the process dimension, it is required to take the necessary measures to formulate the organizational, institutional and managerial structure.

In the field of politics and global relations, all countries, in addition to enjoying their strengths, always face many challenges and threats in order to survive and continue their political existence. Israel, that formed as a Jewish state by the conspiracy of the great powers in the twentieth century and in the heart of one of the Muslim countries of the West Asian region (Palestine), posed significant geopolitical challenges for both the Muslim countries of the region and itself. Affected by these challenges, it is concerned about his future and the continuation of his political life. Hence, some experts believe that this regime will not be able to overcome the massive volume of its internal and international problems in the coming decades, and as a result, a vague and dark future awaits it. Among these experts is Ayatollah Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, stated: "After the end of these nuclear talks, I heard the Zionists in occupied Palestine say that at the moment, with these talks, we are relieved of Iran's concerns for 25 years; I answer that you will not see the next 25 years. (Khamenei, 2015)». Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the fundamental question of what are the most important weaknesses and geopolitical challenges of Israel that may threaten the future of this state?

This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and has used a qualitative method of logical reasoning to analyze the required data and information obtained through libraries and documents and the opinions of experts on the strategic and geopolitical challenges of the Zionist regime.

Based on the studies, the most important studies related to the opportunities and challenges facing the Zionist regime have been obtained and summarized as follows: -Opportunities and strengths of the Zionist regime It seems that at present Israel has good relations with some of its neighbors such as Egypt and Jordan (Ghasemi, 2004: 53). Israel has good economic capabilities such as benefiting from modern technology, increasing connection with the capitalist world, benefiting of free aid from the United States and Germany, and finally economic growth (Derakhsheh and Sadeghizadeh, 2015: 105). - The internal challenges of the Zionist regime Including the existence of Palestinian militants (Ghasemi, 2004: 71) The issue of Palestinian refugees, political, social and ethnic divisions such as: differences over the type of treatment of Palestinians, demographic composition in favor of Muslims; (Derakhsheh and Sadeghizadeh, 2015: 228), Popular encounters with different cultures, with each other, ideological differences and the challenge of legitimacy (Mohammadi, 2015: 7), Serious dependence on migration and the phenomenon of reverse migration, security of socio-political space. - External or compound challenges of the Zionist regime Such as: hydropolitical crisis and energy and relative weakness of the population (Eftekhari, 2001: 175), Difficult geographical situation and lack of strategic depth and feeling of threat from classic and guerrilla attacks (Dehghani, 2014), Regional and global isolation (Chupani and Myar Abbasi, 2011: 62), the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the process of Islamic awakening and the axis of resistance (Ghasemi, 2004: 54), Confirmation of the unreality of the Holocaust In some scientific researches (Dost Mohammadi, 2012: 183 and Weber, 2009: 64), increasing differences with the European Union (Faizi, 2015) are the most important external challenges of this regime. - Predictions made about the vague future of the Zionist regime King Abdullah II of Jordan warned that if the process of reconciliation in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine is not achieved, Israel's long-term future will be in danger (King Abdullah, 2010). The CIA, which had previously predicted the collapse of the South African regime as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union, has expressed doubts about the survival of the Zionist regime after the next 20 years (CIA, 2015). Sixteen US intelligence agencies and institutions have also studied the reverse migration of Jews from Palestine to their original countries and concluded that Israel will collapse by 2025 (Mohammadi, 2015: 9). A narration in Baharalanvar states: The Jews will come from the West [to the Arab region of the Middle East] to form their state in Palestine. The Arabs fought the Jews three times, and in the fourth stage, victory overshadowed them (Majlisi, 1070: 59). In the book The Fall of Israel, three things are stated as the political preconditions for the fall of Israel: 1- Replacing the compromising Arabs with Israel, with the Persians fighting against Israel 2- The emergence of a new leadership and alternative current during two historical movements 3- The emergence of anti-Zionist resistance in the Sham. (Al-Fatlawi and Zolghadr, 2006: 130-184). The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution also stated in 2015: Insha'Allah, for another 25 years, by God's help and by God's grace, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime in the region.

In the international political climate and global relations, all countries have been affected by some internal and external challenges, worried about the future and the continuation of their political life. Meanwhile, some experts believe that Israel will not be able to overcome its internal and international problems in the future decades, and as a result, the issue of the destruction of this state is regularly raised in some political forums. This claim was examined with a list of internal challenges as well as external threats to Israel, in the form of theories such as the difficulty of adapting to the region's geopolitical environment and various narratives such as the CIA forecast and the leadership of the Islamic Revolution mentioned above. All this evidence, in general and based on the current situation, indicates the destruction of the political life of the Israeli, which should be cunsidered constantly of the Muslim countries in the region, especially the Palestinians.

In recent decades, excessive concentration in metropolitan areas and the polarization of industry and employment in cities and the abandonment of the surrounding area have led to land grabbing and uneven development of land use change, functional and structural changes in developing societies, including Iran. This spatial inequality has disrupted sustainable development in villages as well as cities, especially in urban peripheral environments. In this research, the functional relations of Zanjan city with the surrounding villages, which are under the direct influence of the city, have been considered. These villages have undergone fundamental changes in recent decades, and even their function and structure have changed completely. Considering these developments and their differences in special cases of suburban settlements in Zanjan, the integration of the spatial system of the city and its surroundings has been done based on the theoretical approach; Therefore, the research questions are as follows: What are the explanatory drivers of urban economy in Zanjan according to its current situation? Secondly, which factors related to the economic drivers of Zanjan have the greatest impact on the quality of life of peripheral villages?

The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. To collect the analytical data in a combined way, the survey and Delphi methods were used. In this regard, first, a conceptual indicator explaining the urban economic drivers was collected in a systematic study and review of resources, and then, the data analysis stage was carried out using a survey method as a questionnaire from the opinions of 50 related experts. Final concepts were analyzed using exploratory research tools, heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis models and regression analysis of path analysis, amount and manner of impact of economic components of Zanjan on the livelihood of peripheral villages in the form of structural equation modeling software (smart pls). To assess the validity of the questionnaires, several professors and experts in the field of urban planning and urban planning confirmed it. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was 0.81 using Cronbach's alpha method, which indicates a high coefficient of confidence.

Spatial imbalance is evident in the urban system of Zanjan province and despite 21 urban points in this province, urban growth and expansion is more specific to the four main cities of Zanjan, Qeydar, Khorramdareh and Abhar. Over time, despite the decline of the first city in Zanjan province, the urban system tends to balance. Despite the increase in the number of small cities to reduce the imbalance in the urban system of the province, we witness a long distance between these cities and the first city; Other effective factors in exacerbating this inequality and imbalance can be the geographical factor, the way of budget allocation in the cities of the province, inadequate distribution of population and concentration of facilities and infrastructure in Zanjan and its undisputed role in the urban system of the province and the insignificant role of cities.

The research findings show that most of the villagers are completely dependent on the city in terms of services, since cities are places where information is spread around. Based on field studies and distribution of questionnaires, sales of agricultural and horticultural products to the city scored the highest score among marketing and sales indicators and the amount of food supplies purchased from the city per month with a load of 0.73. Many experts and specialists in the agricultural sector believe that marketing is one of the necessities of the rural production system and agriculture, the importance of which is very evident in the process of rural production. The importance of this issue is such that, marketing is a more important category than production and marketing is mentioned as the invisible hand of production in developed countries and even in developing countries. This amount is above average, so the villages are completely dependent on the city of Zanjan for marketing and selling their products. Villagers come to this city to sell their products. Of course, proximity and short distance are also more reasons and causes numerous traffic and visits of the villagers. Then there is the index of purchasing food items from the city per month. The flow of urban investment in the economic activities of the villages, the flow of communication to purchase and supply of necessities with the values ​​of 2.227 and 2.045 have the lowest amount. Also, all independent variables could have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Therefore, the findings show that the economic drivers of Zanjan have had a great impact on the quality of life in peripheral villages.

Polarization and social duality is a complex phenomenon that has affected large cities and contemporary metropolises. This phenomenon has emerged under the capitalist system influence and the centralist policies of governments. Iranian cities have been affected by this phenomenon due to peripheral and quasi-capitalist policies. It have caused the country's metropolises to become a heterogeneous city in terms of social environment due to increasing social and economic distance and unequal distribution of facilities and services. As a result, urban society is deeply polarized. Thus, economic polarization and social polarization have intensified. In the meantime, the metropolis of Isfahan has not been deprived of this economic and social polarization. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development (2019), about 23.35% of population, live in dysfunctional textures with rural backgrounds, informal settlement, middle contexts and historically dysfunctional textures, which is equivalent to 436,453 people. These textures have prominent characteristics such as inefficient infrastructure, low services, low-strength buildings, high social damage, etc. Also, according to the reports of the Parliamentary Research Center, the poverty rate of this city has been announced as 11.95%. In fact, the clustering of social differentiation and thus the formation of social polarization has intensified and class distance and duality in urban space have become geographical and spatial. Continuation of this situation will cause the metropolis of Isfahan to be swallowed up by the marginalized and poor population. If no precautionary measures are taken, the text of the city will soon be digested in the stomachs of the suburbs and its poor. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is zoning and spatial analysis of social polarization at the level of statistical blocks of Isfahan metropolis.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is the statistical blocks of Isfahan metropolis in 2016. The research data has prepared from the statistical blocks (2016) of the Statistics Center of Iran. AHP and Topsis models have been used to data analysis, compilation of indicators and final social polarization index extraction. Also, exploratory methods, ie Hotspot model, have been used for measurement of cluster or random social polarization in Isfahan metropolis. Arc / GIS software has been used for indexing and mapping.

Findings has show that major indicators have the greatest impact on social polarization in the city of Isfahan, which are literacy, household in housing unit, marital status, women's employment and place of birth. The impact coefficients of these indicators are 0.299, 0.254, 0.166, 0.147 and 0.134, respectively. Also, the situation of neighborhoods in terms of social polarization indicators is as follows: 24 neighborhoods (12.5%) good quality, 57 neighborhoods (29.69%) relatively good quality, 46 neighborhoods (23.96%) average, 40 neighborhoods ( 20.8%) relatively unsuitable and finally 25 neighborhoods equivalent to 13% unsuitable. In fact, more than 33% of the city's neighborhoods are socially unacceptable. Therefore, most of the neighborhoods of Isfahan metropolis are in average and unfavorable condition (more than 55% in total) and a kind of social differentiation has been created in this city in terms of space. As a result, social polarization in the metropolis has found a geographical or spatial dimension.Neighborhoods with higher than average values are located in the center and to some extent in the north of the city and neighborhoods with lower than average values are located in the east of Isfahan metropolis.

According to the results of the present study, about 33% of neighborhoods in the metropolis of Isfahan are in poor condition in terms of social indicators and more than 55% of neighborhoods in this city are average and unsuitable. Thus, the city is faced with a kind of social differentiation, social differentiation and duality, which eventually has manifests itself in the form of social polarization. In fact, social polarization has manifested itself spatially. Thus, the city is faced with a kind of social differentiation, social differentiation and duality, which eventually manifests itself in the form of social polarization. In fact, social polarization has manifested itself spatially.In fact, social polarization has emerged as a geographical manifestation of social inequality and differentiation. It also means unbalanced and unbalanced distribution of a set of social indicators in the metropolis of Isfahan. So that, the results of spatial analysis have confirmed the inequality and social differentiation in the metropolis of Isfahan. In fact, the center and the northern part of Isfahan are in a favorable situation in terms of social indicators, and in contrast, the eastern neighborhoods are located in an unfavorable situation. The results of the present study are consistent with the background. According to the results of research by Lustig et al. (2013), Mukhopadhyay & Urzainqui (2018) and Tarmizi et al. (2014), the existence of social inequality, spatial and social differentiation, geographical gap and social polarization has confirmed in Latin American cities, including Brazil, Approved in Argentina, Mexico and Asian cities such as India and Malaysia. Also, the results of the researches of Gholamipour and Kalantari (2017), Latifi and Babagoli (2015) and Safarloui et al. (2014) have confirmed the duality and spatial inequality in the cities of Mahshahr, Tehran and Urmia.

The idea of ​​resilience is an accepted positive trait that contributes widely to sustainability. Definitions of urban resilience focus mainly on sustainability. Urban resilience and sustainability have emerged in recent years as an important paradigm for understanding the threats to humanity and the environment. From the perspective of environmental management, socio-environmental system approaches use interdisciplinary research to evaluate and enhance the sustainability of social and environmental systems. Criteria for assessing urban resilience in regions are divided into several main issues that cover the environmental, economic, social and institutional dimensions of sustainability.

This research is of applied type and can help in making decisions and improving urban growth management in the form of urban resilience approach. In this research, quantitative research method has been used. In order to achieve its goals, it is done by descriptive and analytical methods and the growth pattern of the city of Babol in recent decades was analyzed and analyzed with environmental resilience indicators. The method of data collection is both library and field. Library studies include the use of document sources, as well as books, dissertations, journals and articles, statistics, and research in this field. For this research, the method of interpreting satellite images and aerial photographs has been used. A combination of aerial and satellite images has been used to study and understand the growth of the city. The Holdern method is one of the basic methods for determining the urban sprawl. In this way, it is possible to determine how much of the urban growth has been due to population growth and how much has been due to unstable urban growth.
 

The phenomenon of urban creep causes access to fertile agricultural lands around and around the city. With the destruction and analysis of the natural environment, the rural identity of these areas is destroyed. In the studies performed in the urban constructions of Babolrud area, the area of ​​the river area has been used based on the specified area of ​​the area prepared by the municipality. A number of urban blocks are completely or partially located in the river. According to the 2016 census, there are 10,478 people living in these blocks, who are at risk of flooding and flooding of houses during heavy rains. The map obtained from the satellite images of 1986 shows that the city of Babol and the city of Amirkola were physically connected to each other. The phenomenon of urban creep causes access to fertile agricultural lands around and around the city. With the destruction and analysis of the natural environment, the rural identity of these areas is destroyed. In the studies carried out in the urban constructions of Babolrud area, the area of ​​the river area has been used based on the specified area of ​​the map prepared by the municipality and a number of urban blocks are completely or partially in the area of ​​the river. According to the 2016 census, there are 10,478 people living in these blocks, who are at risk of flooding and flooding of houses during heavy rains. The map obtained from the satellite images of 1986 shows that the city of Babol and the city of Amirkola were physically connected to each other. The study of the city land use map shows that the residential lands with an area of ​​941.25 hectares constitutes the most land use within the city of Babel. Urban green space covers 898.65 hectares of the city limits, which include public green spaces, agricultural land and inner city gardens. The results of the Holdern model for the city of Babel in Table 3 show that between 1958 and 1987 about 66% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 34% of the city growth was related to the horizontal distribution of the city. The obtained results related to the years 1365 to 1375 show that in this period, the growth of the city of Babel was 1.11 percent related to population growth and -0.11 percent was related to the physical growth of the city. The results of the study of the landscape pattern show the expansion of the main core of the city and the integration of the spots with the surrounding spots and the main core of the city and their inclusion. Examination of the marginal spots and their density shows that they have grown over the years and joined the core of the city.

According to the results obtained from the urban area of ​​Babol, the increase of urban lands from 1958 to 2018 shows 12.63 times the increase of these lands. The city of Babol is one of the major cities in the northern region of the country, which is topographically located in a flat plain and in direct contact with fertile agricultural lands and water areas. There are also weaknesses in terms of paying attention to the river area and observing it, so that about 10,000 people live in building blocks, all or part of which are located in the area, which indicates a decrease in light. The city is prosperous in terms of environmental issues. Due to the widespread problems in cities, the effect of the horizontal distribution of the city of agricultural lands around the city and the conversion of these lands into urban levels has been determined that about 2635 hectares from 1958 to 2018 of arable land has been converted into a city and this The trend continues This part of our results is the study of Karimi Firoozjaee et al. (2018) are straightforward. The results obtained from the Holdern equation show that during the 3 decades 1958 to 1988 the unstable growth of the city was more due to the horizontal distribution of Babol, but in the 3 decades 1986 to 2018 most of the physical growth of the city was due to population growth and urban distribution trend This part of the results is in line with the results of the study of Alavi et al. (2017), which indicates a decrease in gross density and the annexation of peripheral areas to the city of Babol. From 1958 to 2016, 16 villages were merged and annexed to the city of Babol, and these villages are now part of the neighborhoods of this city. In fact, it can be said that the continuous texture built around the city consists of residential centers, streets, green space, etc. Agricultural lands have occurred with the merger and annexation of the surrounding villages, and the scattering of the city has occurred in a connected manner along the axes and separately with the change of agricultural land use in the surrounding rural areas.