نشریه علوم اجتماعی
پیاپی 51 (زمستان 1399)

The aim of this study is to identify the sociological policy of state entrepreneurship development in Iran. The method used in this research is qualitative research method. In this study, based on library studies and then specialized interviews, the sociological policy of government entrepreneurship development has been identified. The statistical population includes academic experts and theoretical experts. Non-probability and purposeful methods were used for sampling in the qualitative part. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved and finally 11 experts participated in this stage. Methods of data analysis include grounded theory and structural modeling. The results showed that by categorizing and categorizing the final criteria, 9 main categories and 44 categories were obtained to identify the indicators of government entrepreneurship development policy in Iran. These categories were categorized into six paradigms: contextual conditions, causal conditions, pivotal phenomena, strategies and actions, intervening conditions, and consequences. Following the research process, by performing the fuzzy Delphi technique in 2 rounds, the criteria obtained from the qualitative analysis of the research were screened and validated. At this stage, 43 criteria were evaluated based on the views of 11 experts, and in the second round, no criteria were eliminated, which was a sign for the end of Delphi rounds, and the Delphi technique ended after 2 rounds.

Political participation includes a behavior by the citizens in the realm of politics and it is exhibited for influencing the decision-making and selections by the rulers. The social, cultural and political conditions of every society and the properties of the participating social groups and classes influence the political participation. The primary issue of the present research is the study of the political participation and investigation of the social capital influencing it with an emphasis on the citizens above 18 years of age in the city of Ahwaz. In order to describe and elaborate political participation, a blended theoretical framework was designed and arranged according to the common literature on the political participation through classifying the theoretical approaches pertinent to the political participation into four sets of the political, social, cultural and economic approaches. The study hypotheses were codified and offered within the formation of the relationships between the social capital and its four dimensions and the political participation. The study sample of this research was obtained in volume equal to 384 individuals using Cochran Formula. Use was made herein of multistage cluster sampling method for making samples from the total number of the residents in Ahwaz. The study data have been gathered through surveys by means of questionnaire. The study results about the studied population indicated that all of the proposed independent variables are significantly related to the dependent variables.

Women's political socialization, in the field of politics and decision-making, has an important role in the development and modernization of any country, and realizing the importance of this issue, every country should try to remove cultural, social, political and economic barriers to women's participation for Achieving the growth and prosperity of society in all areas. Considering the importance of political socialization and the role of women in society, this study was conducted as a survey in a community consisting of 8763 cultural women in Ahvaz. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, variance and frequency tables as well as inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation test. Linear regression was used to investigate the natural scatter of data. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between women's political socialization and gender socialization variable. The correlation coefficient between them is 0.138 and their significance level is 0.05. Therefore, we conclude that the different gender socialization of women is one of the barriers to political socialization.

rnity has been accompanied by great cultural, economic, social and political developments. One of the most important changes in modern society can be seen in what is known as the difference between today's and the previous generation or the generation gap. In this article, we try to identify the cultural changes of religious values ​​and family values ​​in the values ​​of two generations of parents and children and provide solutions to eliminate its negative effects on families and society. Relying on the most important sociological theories such as Inglehart's theory of cultural change and Parsons' theory of action, this article examines religious norms and values ​​and family norms and values. The fieldwork in Isfahan was conducted using a survey method and using a questionnaire technique. To validate the questionnaire, two types of content and formal validity were used and Cronbach's alpha test was used to calculate the reliability. The sample size was 590 and the statistical population included parents (over 35 years) and young people (15 to 30 years). Sample volume in 15 districts of Isfahan is filled by age, sex and area of ​​residence. Sampling was performed by proportional quota method. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation) have been used for analysis and at the level of inferential statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations and T test with two independent groups have been used. There is a relationship between religious norms and values ​​and family norms and values ​​between today's and past generations (youth and their parents). So, in general, we conclude that the cultural changes of religious values ​​and family values ​​of young people and their parents in Isfahan are different

Relationships between spouses are formed during their daily interaction. It gives meaning to their common life. For understanding their interaction, we studied interaction between them who one of them is an employee of the Ministry of Education. We did it by the grounded theory as a qualitative method, depth interview as a technique, and purposeful sampling. After Coding fifteen interviews, we reached theoretical saturation. Based on the result of this research and theoretical inference causal conditions that are including: weaknesses or worry for telling: problems, personal feeling, expectations, and stubbornness, wrong time for conversation, no participatory approach, disrespect to other(wife or husband), gender inequality, not having enough skill for making conversation. Also intervening conditions like: having this idea ''all spouses make conversation in the same ways'', effecting of problems that they had in the past and talking about them for several times cause spouses couldn't make conversation. Spouses use strategies such as arguing with each other, non-consultation, arguing with their children, having stress because of prefer to be silence in some situation, having different educational methods for children, mental entanglement, make a decision without agreement with wife or husband, to need a long time to know each other, incomprehension feeling.

The aim of the present study is to study the structural relationships of organizational performance and early maladaptive schemas, organizational silence, and avoidance coping strategies in Tehran Municipality managers. The research design is descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study is all managers of Tehran Municipality, who were working in 2019 in the municipality. The sample size was 302 individuals, selected as multi-stage cluster sampling. Short initial maladaptive schema questionnaires for Yang Form (SQ-SF), Hershey and Goldsmith Organizational Performance (2003), Wendin et al. (2003), Organizational Silence Questionnaires, and Yang Avoidance Scale were used and distributed. In addition, the library method has been used in this research and data collection in this section has been done by taking notes from Internet and library resources. The collected data were then analyzed using correlation tests and structural equation modeling tests, called SPSS version 22, and Lisrel version 8.80. The research hypothesis model was evaluated using the fitness index, and showed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (RMSEA = 0.68, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.093). The results showed that early maladaptive schemas indirectly have an impact on organizational performance through organizational silence. The results also showed that avoidance is directly related to early maladaptive schemas. Based on the research findings it can be concluded that organizational silence plays a mediating role in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and organizational performance. Therefore, it can be said that organizational performance has a complex concept, and in order to strengthen and improve it, more intermediary variables should be considered.

Defense immunity of lawyers as one of the most important pillars of the Iranian judicial structure includes guarantees related to defense in the constitution. The institution of advocacy also plays a role as one of the fundamental rays of normal proceedings in the judiciary. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of the defense immunity of a lawyer in Iranian criminal law by descriptive documentary method. For theoretical literature, the views of Parsons, the Legislature, Durkheim's oversight, Habermas Civil Society, Marshall Civil Law, Bourdieu Institutional Trust, Kant & Rawls Justice, Popper, Berlin, and Sartre have been used. Documentary findings from the analysis of existing texts have shown that the defense immunity of lawyers in two main areas of sociology and law has been examined. In the sociological field, the findings show that the categories of rule of law, oversight, public sphere, civil society and institutional trust with social and theoretical mechanisms have led to the defense immunity of lawyers and government institutions using the separation of powers and creating free space in the development of individual freedoms And civil can create grounds for increasing legal powers to enhance the defense immunity of lawyers. In the legal sector, the lawyer is in a position to defend the respect and security of judicial employees, and in this way, with the strategies of the principle of dignity, protection of rights, realization of rights along with increasing oversight and guaranteeing judicial authority, defense immunity is achieved.