مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 67 (بهار 1399)

Different species of wildlife provide many services. Accordingly, in this study, the identification of wildlife with medicinal value of Adoroshk watershed and their distribution map was studied. For this purpose, in the spring and summer of 2019, through field visits and random linear transect method, habitat wildlife was identified and to prepare wildlife distribution maps, species presence points were located by a locator. It was recorded globally. Dispersion maps were prepared in the Google Earth software environment through visual interpretation of phenomena and information from field visits and ground control points. The final drawings were prepared in Arc GIS 10.3 software environment. The results showed that in Adoroshk, there are 11 species of medicinal mammals belonging to 7 families and 4 orders, of which the highest frequency belongs to the herbivorous species, the Capra aegagrus with 57 heads and the lowest number belongs to the species. Carnivores; Panthera pardus, Vormela peregusna, Martes foina and Hyaena hyaena are observed at once. The order of carnivores with 5 species has the highest number and the order of Erinaceomorpha with one species has the lowest number of medicinal species. Also, 6 species of birds with medicinal properties belonging to 3 families and 3 orders were identified and counted. Among them, the highest number belongs to Alectoris chukar with 193 pieces and the lowest number belongs to Columba palumbus with 2 pieces and the total number of medicinal birds observed in this study was estimated to be 392 pieces.

Water floods and floods in residential areas have always been one of the most common natural disasters in Iran after the earthquake that endanger human life. Between 2000 and 2008, approximately 99 million people are affected by floods worldwide each year. Kashkan River Basin with 8 sub-basins with an area of 9275.66 square kilometers, constitutes 22.4 percent of total Karkheh basin, with 290km length and 26 percent slope of the steepest and most flooded Karkheh basin. The results of statistical analysis on the instantaneous discharge data of Kashkan basin showed that from 1963 to 2019, 58 floods with average discharge moment of 1062.78 cubic meters occurred. In terms of time distribution, 65 percent of the floods in March, April and May and in terms of discharge rate 36 percent of the floods are more than 1000 cubic meters. The highest frequency of floods was observed in 1990-90 with 19 percent of floods and 14 percent of floods were severe, 22 percent moderate and 64 percent small flood. According to the Gamble distribution, a 200-year flood with a probability of 0.995 percent flood occurring at an instantaneous discharge of 4489.77 cubic meters with a tolerance of 535.06 cubic meters in the Kashkan Basin. As a result of the floods on 1 April, 14 people were killed and the damage was estimated to be 103.014 billion USD. The main causes of floods with an instantaneous discharge of 6,000 cubic meters per second in the Kashkan Basin can be attributed to precipitation with an average rainfall of 112.3 mm on 1 April and 321.5 mm for 9 days from 24 Mars to 1 April, respectively. Kashkan Basin, The occurrence of a flood with an instantaneous discharge of 3350 cubic meters on 5 March 2019, the absence of a significant reservoir dam for flood control, Impact of Babazid Bridge as a dam and runoff behind the bridge up to a radius of 5 kilometers and reaching the bridge ramp to the breaking point, thereby increasing the amount and velocity of the flood discharge to Poldokhtar, Decrease in river bed between 1 and 13 m in coastal wall reconstruction after flood on 4 February 2005 as a result of reduced capacity of Kashkan River in Poldokhtar during floods.

The concept of clean environment is one of the most important and significant macro principles in the policy of the whole country. This is especially important among countries with large oil and gas capital (which is one of the major polluters of the environment). Because today, the human and economic costs of achieving a sustainable environment are estimated at billions of dollars. Due to its oil and gas industry, Iran is one of the countries that pays special attention to the environment and pollutants from its activities and has always sought to design and apply various models and models to reduce oil and gas pollutants. In this article, the authors have devoted their efforts to designing an environmental model of sustainable development in the Iranian gas industry. The combined research method is based on mixed exploratory research (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the present article is based on 1080 people and using the snowball method to achieve theoretical saturation with 25 experts, in-depth interviews were conducted and in a quantitative part, to measure the model, a researcher-made questionnaire by cluster sampling method Relative was distributed among 285 samples. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. The results of the qualitative section indicate that the environmental model of sustainable development has 15 dimensions in terms of causal conditions (1. service mission, 2. safety and health requirements, 3. social responsibility), underlying conditions (4. education and learning, 5 Culture building, 6. Attitudes and knowledge of managers), intervention conditions (7. Contractors, 8. Technical facilities and equipment, 9. Technology and technical operations), strategy (10. Medium and long-term policies of the Ministry of Energy, 11. Supervision and Continuous evaluation of project progress is 12. Customer Consumption Management Programs, 13. Residual Pollution Management Programs) and Outcome (14. Improving the Environmental Performance of the Gas Company and 15. Moving Towards Sustainable Development). The results of the quantitative section showed that all dimensions of the research paradigm model were confirmed.

In the present century, environmental behavior of human as the most important effective factor on environment is under the observation of sociologists. The behavior both effects environmental issues and threats and is influenced by variant factors. This study observed the relation between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior by meta- analysis approach. Since 23 studies between the years, 1390 to 1398 in the subject of environmental behavior, which were qualified, were selected for entering to meta- analysis research. The selected studies are done by survey method and applied survey tools in different statistical societies by reliable measurement. In first step, the selected studies were evaluated by homogeneity of hypothesis and publication bias. According to this, the finding indicated the homogeneity of effect size and absence of publication bias. In second step, by applying the second version of CMA software, the coefficient of effect size were evaluated. The Results have shown have shown that the effect size or coefficient of effect of environmental knowledge on environmental behavior is 0.223 which is average according to Kohen interpretation system. In addition, the results obtained the moderator role of population society variable indicated that the environmental knowledge has the most affection on environmental behavior of students.

Mining wastes are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants which, if not removed, enter the surface and groundwater, causing toxic complexes and potential risks to humans and ecosystems. They create an environment. Because ore makes up a small portion of the total volume of minerals mined, mines will have a lot of waste. In the metal industry, the production of copper, lead and zinc cause the most damage to the environment. Copper Mining Operations Generate Extensive Mineral Waste Melting Zinc and Lead Introduces large amounts of cadmium and lead into the environment. The growth of gases and particulate matter, the production of polluted effluents and solid waste are the result of melting and refining metals. Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious problem associated with metal smelting. In order to study the effects of the studied mine on the environment, it is necessary to examine the water, rocks and soil, plants and even their drains and waterways in terms of pollution. Findings of this study show that Bavanat copper mine has a significant effect on the level of pollution in water, soil and plants in the region.

Wetland valuation is an important tool available to environmental managers and decision makers to justify the overal costs of wetland conservation and management activities. Currently, policymakers and planners do not have the right toolbox with easy access to assess the economic value of wetland ecosystems. It is obvious that quoting quantitative and monertary values in expressing the value of each resource will be an efficient and effective tool to justify the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection, and this is possible by having a clear guidance model. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is a useful tool to support ecosystem management decisions and help decision makers to protect the ecosystem more effectively. Estimating the economic value and costs of environmental damage to wetland ecosystems can be effective in preserving values and preventing their degradation. The aim of this study is to integrate the economic valuation and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services as part of the process of determining the economic value of natural resources. Existence of basic and practical model and guidance for wetland valuation can help interested users in identifying values, choosing valuation techniques appropriate to each value, and in general, guiding in the correct way of valuing goods and services and also in applying management and executive policies in line with the goals of sustainable development. The main purpose of this study is to show, using a conceptual framework, how to estimate the environmental values and costs of wetland ecosystem services.رIn this study, by reviewing selected articles and instructions related to the research topic, step-by-step steps for estimating the economic values and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services are presented.