مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 68 (تابستان 1399)

Zoning is a well-accepted method of keeping nature walkers away from ecologically sensitive and valuable areas. In this research, considering objectives such as; Introduction and feasibility study of Lipar region for tourism development, protection of biodiversity of the region and evaluation of the capabilities of Google Earth software and method of visual interpretation in simulation of regions, zoning of Lipar region was discussed. Ground control points were recorded during field visits and photographs of the area with the Global Positioning System. The ground reality map, the final zoning map and the calculation of the share of each zone were prepared in ArcGIS software version 10.3. Identification of vegetation and wildlife of the area was done through direct observation using a random method. The results of the analysis of the final classification map of the region showed that Lipar has 13 types of zones and the salt field has the lowest percentage and shrublands and grasslands with low density have the highest percentage. Also, 2.67% of the area has been affected by human construction. The results showed that areas such as sandy beaches, rocky areas and areas with vegetation on the surface of the lagoon are considered sensitive wildlife habitats. Also, in this study, 4 plant species, 6 bird species and 2 reptile species were identified.

The right to enjoy health is one of the basic rights of every person. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 and the Iranian Constitution in Article 3 (paragraphs 12), 29 and 43 emphasize the right to health and enjoyment of health. Article 2 of the Charter of Citizenship Rights approved by the President in 2016 has also declared the right to health as one of the rights of every Iranian. Today, the environment and health are closely related.  Therefore, along with other values that have been predicted, the right to health and having a healthy environment is one of the basic values for human beings, so that human beings will not be able to continue their normal life without having a safe and healthy environment. The importance of preventing environmental crimes is due to the fact that it is directly related to human health, most countries put special penal regulations to actions in this regard. Therefore, this is a special issue to study in shaping the legislative criminal policy on protection environment. It can be studied and studied from the environment. The aim of the researchers in this research is to study the role of national and international actors in reducing environmental crimes. The present study seeks to explain the role of NGO's in the field of prevention, disclosure and prosecution of environmental crimes in order to clarify its importance for legislative, executive and judicial authorities. Reducing environmental crimes is important both in terms of the right to health and in terms of criminology and the need to reduce crime fields. Governments have two important tools to reduce environmental crimes: 1- establish appropriate criminal regulations with the aim of deterring and intimidating potential offenders, 2- strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations and, as a result, public education, culture-building, intervention of these organizations in the prosecution and detection of crime and creating sensitivity to such crimes. For this purpose, it is necessary for the legislator to grant more prominent role to NGOs about indictment and interference in the process of criminal and legal proceedings. This view is derived from the theory of green criminology or environmental criminology. In the present study, in addition to examining the aforementioned issues, we seek to study the role of non-governmental organizations in Iran in combating environmental crimes from the perspective of detecting and prosecuting crime and creating public sensitivity to such crimes.

The Cartagena Protocol was adopted to achieve a common and coordinated solution for the transboundary movement of transgenic organisms, establish confidence and legitimacy in the field of biosafety regulations in the world, and increase global coordination. Under Clause 2 of Article 23 of the Protocol, States Parties are required to consult with the public and public institutions on the decision-making and policy-making of genetically modified species and to make the results of such consultations available to the public. In recent years, transgenic products have entered the diet of the Iranian people, but there has made no proper awareness about their benefits or harms for the people. Since the genetic structure of transgenic plants is altered through genetic engineering, and this change is usually done to improve the plant's resistance to certain pests or plant diseases, there is concern that these plants have also become resistant to drugs and cause abnormalities and the spread of diseases in humans. The Cartagena Protocol emphasizes the need for labeling, but despite the use of transgenic products in Iran, labeling and percentaging have not been done on all products and it is necessary to pay special attention to the implementation of the latest regulation of the Food and Drug Administration regarding transgenic events.

Urban rivers are one of the most important spaces that potentially reflect the presence of nature in the city and provide the ability to draw natural elements among the artificial elements. In addition to their natural changes, rivers undergo many changes due to human activities. One of the most important changes that are imposed on rivers is the improper use of their resources for use in construction activities. Thousands of tons of sand are harvested daily from the bed and banks of the country's rivers, which has various negative consequences. Among the most important of these consequences are the changes in the morphology of the river, river mud and threat to the life of aquatic animals and birds, loosening of the bed edges and threats to the inhabitants of the river, destruction of structures around the river, reduced tourism and ...This study was conducted in the summer of 1397 and the study area in this study was part of the Bashar River, which is located within the city of Yasuj. There are 9 sand factories in this area, all of which were illegally extracting sand from the riverbed. According to the pictures taken by the Environment Department of Yasuj city, the changes in the river during sand extraction and after the closure of the factories were identified. The results showed that after the closure of the factories, the vegetation of the river area was somewhat restored and the aquatic and bird species found a better situation in terms of quantity and quality characteristics.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the average concentration of air pollutants, to detect the trend of pollutants change pattern, to identify high-risk months, air pollution index and the impact of neighboring provinces on the air of Semnan province in 1399. In this study, the data of air pollution measuring stations in the west of Semnan province were examined. Monthly changes of pollutants in the west of Semnan province showed that the maximum monthly of most pollutants occurs in the cold season. The maximum concentration of cold months is caused by various factors such as increasing atmospheric stability, temperature inversions, decreasing surface wind speed and using more heat sources. Vehicles also have less fuel combustion in cold conditions. In addition, a significant part of this pollution is accumulated from neighboring provinces due to wind and geographical location within the province and causes changes in air quality in the province. Also, population increase, public fleet wear, high traffic of urban vehicles, industrial use, dust centers and geographical location are also factors affecting air pollution in the west of Semnan province.

In arid areas, increasing irrigation periods is necessary to providing the water needed for the development of green space and plantation. This study was conducted in forest park of Saveh based on a randomized complete block design in split-split plot arrangement with irrigation period as main plot and coniferous species of Juniperus excelsa M.B., Cupressus arizonica Green., Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco., Cupressus sempervirens Var. fastigiata., Cupressus sempervirens Var. horizontalis., Pinus eldarica Medw., Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus mugo Turra., Pinus pinea L., Taxodium distichum L. Rich., as sub plot with different origin in three blocks for 5 years. In each block from each species, 24 seedlings as a group were planted at 2.5 × 2 m. spacing that from these numbers, 12 seedlings were considered for 7 days irrigation and 12 seedlings for 14 days irrigation using of TerraCottem hydrophilic polymer. The results showed that height and collar diameter showed a significant statistical difference.in the interaction between irrigation periods and species. The main effect of irrigation period was significant on characteristics of collar diameter and vitality. P. brutia obtained the highest height (2.76 m), survival percentage (90.67 %), and vitality (90 %) and P. mugo obtained the highest collar diameter (6.42 cm), canopy cover diameter (1.27 m) and area of canopy cover (5.12 m2). Cluster analysis showed that species of P. orientalis, P. brutia and C. sempervirens Var. fastigiata with Koloudeh origin are in the most suitable conditions in terms of each of the variables studied and along with 14 days irrigation period using of TerraCottem hydrophilic polymer introduced for planting in Saveh.