فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 174 (تابستان 1400)

Using documentary and library research methods, this research defines criteria and sub-criteria that affect temporary housing. The modern housing construction systems and important factors in their selection were identified after a comparative study of such systems in different regions of the world and obtaining expert opinions. Criteria prioritization and weighting are based on hierarchical analysis and the linear composition method. Due to the geographical extent as well as the diversity of climatic conditions in a certain period and the cultural diversity of our country, choosing a specific structure has become extremely difficult. By identifying the criteria for temporary housing and examining different systems for each criterion, construction systems were prioritized in this study so that managers could select the appropriate structure according to local conditions and priorities and then supply it for the survivors. Finally, with the weighted linear composition, the superior structure was identified. The selected framework for the temporary housing system was defined as the most appropriate structure for each criterion as well as the most appropriate structure based on all criteria. The construction system of "Gabion structure and waterproof fabric" with an importance coefficient of 0.290 has been identified as the most appropriate construction system according to experts, followed by "superadobe structure" with an importance coefficient of 0.183 and "combined structure of container and tent" with an importance coefficient of 0.160. The results show that the “start-up time” with a relative coefficient of 0.112 as the most important indicator affecting the identification and ranking of criteria (components) for the selection of the building system for temporary housing has been determined by experts, followed by "structural strength" indicators with an importance coefficient of 0.010 and "participation" with an importance coefficient of 0.103 and "mass production" with an importance coefficient of 0.078 and "reusability or placement of structures in the development path" with an importance coefficient of 0.055 and "compliance with the building standard" with an importance coefficient of 0.050.

Ecotourism, as one of the most important types of tourism, is growing faster than other types of tourism. It is the best way to benefit the inhabitants and preserve the environment. Using natural resources as tourism destinations without degrading natural resources is an ideal way for the sustainable development of rural areas. This paper tries to assess the influence of different factors on developing ecotourism in the villages located along the Sarvabad-Paveh tourist route, where many tourist potentials, such as natural, cultural, historical, and religious attractions exist. The article applies a descriptive-analytical approach and analyzed a statistical population of 100 researchers, officials, and tourism experts familiar with the area. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and questionnaires. Multivariate regression statistical tests, factor analysis and structural equation modelling in SPSS and Amos were used to analyze data. Findings showed that six factors, including utilization of natural, historical and religious potentials; provision of infrastructure; advertisement and marketing; sustainability in providing infrastructure and preservation of valuable architectural properties; investment, engagement, and awareness-raising of residents; and the cultural-artistic capacities of the area and its proximity to the border, affect the sustainable development of rural areas up to 63.85% on average. Among these, the most influential factor is the utilization of natural, historical and religious potentials with a factor loading of 18.31. The consistency of the conceptual model with the collected data is confirmed because of the goodness of fit. Therefore, in addition to various advantages at the regional and national levels, ecotourism can develop the deprived and isolated areas of the west of the country that act as the conservators of their traditions. Moreover, it can generate employment, create a chain of economic and service activities and become a comprehensive strategy to help the government in economic, social and environmental development.

Thermal comfort studies are important because they guide the design engineer to use passive methods and minimize the use of active methods for creating comfort in buildings. Although today the need for thermal comfort of users is met by mechanical and electrical systems, they should be used only when the weather conditions are unbearable. In other cases, a proper design of buildings along with appropriate thermal behaviours can provide optimal comfort conditions. The present article is an attempt to evaluate the thermal sensation and the preference of the residents in Kish Island in accordance with ASHRAE standards and with the help of field studies in the hot and humid climate of Iran, which includes measuring the climate variables and analyzing the surveys answered by users. The purpose of the study is to achieve a climate-responsive architecture and reduce energy consumption concerning the thermal comfort of users. Since residential buildings are the main consumers of energy, and most of the energy consumed in buildings is used to create favourable environments, it is necessary to study the interaction between users and the building to find the effect of behavioural and psychological compatibility of users in achieving the desired comfort. The results of the research indicated that, in the two studied seasons, the users experienced thermal comfort indoors but only when they used cooling systems. This could be due to the harsh and unbearable weather of Kish Island at this time of year when providing thermal comfort is not possible otherwise. Nevertheless, the users’ perception of thermal comfort has changed over time, and a dynamic environment is created. Therefore, the demand for using electrical systems is reduced. This shows that people can adapt themselves to different situations and often provide comfortable conditions for themselves. In the present study, contemporary buildings of Kish Island have been studied as evidence.

In recent decades, the occurrence of floods in human settlements has been one of the problems faced by human civilization; since floods cause irreversible physical, economic and social damage. Providing temporary shelters and permanent accommodations for disaster-affected populations is one of the most important measures to be undertaken after the flood. Disasters in their nature cause abnormalities. In situations where social norms can no longer regulate interpersonal behaviours or are not as effective as before, it is important to examine the moral aspects of the process of shelter supply for survivors. In the spring of 2019, after the flood and subsequent remained water in the city of Aqqala and surrounding villages, many residents were forced to evacuate their homes. Heavy and unprecedented rainfall, low slope and lack of soil permeability are some of the reasons leading to such disaster. The population living in the Aqqala region is composed of different religious, ethnic and cultural characteristics, which doubles the difficulty of the responsible organizations in responding to the disaster. In such circumstances, injustice, overlooking human dignity, and ultimately exacerbating the irritation and chaos in the affected society is more likely to occur. The research approach is the quantitative-qualitative and descriptive-analytical method. This research has been conducted through library studies and field surveys. The data has been collected by reviewing the available documents, books and articles, site visits, observing and photographing, conducting questionnaires with the affected communities and in-depth interviews with local people, officials and other organisations involved in providing shelter. The study concludes that by considering ethics as a platform for distinguishing between the wrong and right and formulating propositions of principles and values, a set of norms and finally the dochr('39')s and donchr('39')ts can be achieved. By adopting these principles as a protocol and enforcing it to be followed by authorities, relief workers, and the survivors themselves, the long-term effects of moral abnormalities after a disaster can be mitigated.

The architecture of the houses of Qaleno village in Sistan has responded to the slope of the village as well as taken into account the climate and culture consideration. The main question of this research is whether introversion is only for adaptation to climate or in addition to environmental force, cultural factors are involved. The main purpose of this study is to carry out a spatial analysis of indigenous architecture to show the components of introversion in Qaleno village. This research has a fundamental nature and applies a qualitative method to address the issue with a descriptive-interpretive approach. There are eight types of housing in Qaleno village, and they all have the element of Miansara (courtyard) in common. After introducing and analyzing the elements and components of the houses, the spatial arrangement of the houses has been investigated by using graphs to show how the spaces are organized and how they relate to each other. Due to the linearity and normal distribution of statistical data, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze them. The value of the obtained coefficient in two cases indicates that in the first case, introversion correlates with the number of Miansaras; and in the second case, introversion correlates with the number of spaces. Moreover, the studies showed that Qaleno houses have no windows towards the public space, and they are substituted with Koulak and Sourak, which also act as blinds. In addition, elements such as Hashti and Kham are used to divide the exterior and the interior. Miansaras are the major elements of the houses to the extent that some houses have up to five Miansaras, which are connected to every room by windows and doors. The results of this study show that the indigenous architecture of Qaleno village is influenced more by cultural factors rather than climatic ones and is different from the architecture of other areas because of the slope and the number of Miansaras it has.

In most parts of our country, especially the two hot and dry and cold and dry climates, there have been pigeon towers with different shapes and forms for keeping and breeding pigeons. Circular or square in plan, they are made of clay and brick. The purpose of this study is to identify the radiation absorption and the effect of shade on the surfaces of rural pigeon towers in Isfahan and Tabriz. The main question of the research is that “how was the reception and percentage of radiation absorption and the shade on the surfaces of pigeon towers in the hot and dry climate of Isfahan and the cold climate of Tabriz?” A case study research and descriptive-analytical approach is adopted, followed by software analysis. Four pigeon towers with different structures were selected from Tar, Kheirabad, Gort, and Zamenabad villages in Isfahan, and four from Khaljan, Taqiabad, Digbashi, and Chelehghaz villages in Tabriz. Then, they were modelled precisely in Rhinoceros5, and the absorption and percentage of radiation on the hottest day of the year, at the time interval of 13 to 16, and the effect of shading on the surfaces of pigeon towers at 15 were simulated using RADIANCE and ECOTECT engines. The results of simulations showed that the reception and percentage of sunlight on the surfaces of pigeon towers in the hot and dry climate of Isfahan and the cold and dry climate of Tabriz have a direct relationship with the area and shape of the building. In hot and dry climates, where radiation absorption is high, and more surfaces need protection from sunlight, the multi-cylinder pigeon towers with more pores and curved surfaces are the most suitable ones. On the contrary, in cold climates, cubic pigeon towers with smooth surfaces and fewer pores are better since they absorb more sunlight and receive it at an almost direct angle of 90 degrees.

Originates from the mountains in the south of Iranshahr, the Sarbaz River is one of the most important rivers in Baluchestan, Iran, which flows in the north-south direction towards the ​​Oman Sea. Numerous settlements have been formed along this river, including Anza, Petan, Pashamag, Firoozabad, Rask etc. Affected by various factors such as culture, environment, climate, economic conditions and the type of livelihood, the settlements of this area has been formed overtime to meet the needs of residents according to the condition and facilities with a variety of available materials. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: what are the factors affecting the formation of indigenous housing in the Sarbaz riverbank? What are the features and capacities of the indigenous housing in this area? The research is based on the hypothesis that the indigenous housing along the Sarbaz River has capacities that can be adopted to improve the quality of housing in this area at present and in the future. In this research, a qualitative method based on field surveys and desk studies has been used. This study aims to investigate and identify the factors affecting the formation of indigenous housing along the Sarbaz River in Baluchestan while exploring the capacities of indigenous housing to improve the quality of housing of this area today and in the future. Different types of housing have some drawbacks as well as various strengths. The housing in the Sarbaz River highlights a number of qualities that are neglected in today’s housing or overlooked by designers. Among them, there are the possibility of choosing a diverse range of materials, responding to different needs, such as environmental and climatic conditions, respecting elderly (elderly care), hierarchy, respecting privacy in housing, greeting the guests, continuous cycle of life and the possibility of living multiple generations in various housing, flexibility to change and develop due to the needs of the family over the time, and the possibility of substituting worn out spaces with new ones.

Earthquake is one of the most important natural hazards that causes great damage to human societies every year and sometimes lead to major crises and disasters. Due to its geological location and locating on the seismic belt, Iran has several active faults and is one of the most seismic countries in the world, and has suffered many losses due to earthquakes during different periods. Meanwhile, rural settlements are the most vulnerable areas to earthquakes as a result of their special conditions such as high population concentration in some high-risk areas of the country, low level of technology and lack of access to durable materials, personalization of housing and non-compliance with safety principles in construction, non-standard infrastructure, poor location and lack of access to facilities and services and low level of training and skills. Thus, having sufficient knowledge of the possible vulnerability of rural settlements to plan and avoid damage, can be very effective in the crisis management process. The research aims to assess the vulnerability of rural settlements in Iran to seismic risk. The study population includes all rural settlements in Iran. The data used in this paper has been collected from the Statistics Centre of Iran in 2011. In this research, after reviewing the literature, 12 variables in the form of 3 main criteria (population, type of materials, age of houses) have been used to assess vulnerability. First, seismic risk zoning (low, medium, high) was done based on previous studies, available data and expertschr('39') opinions. Then to assess the vulnerability of rural settlements, a fuzzy inference system has been used by creating a database of knowledge-based rules and defining 594 rules in Matlab software environment, and the final output is displayed with Arc GIS software. The results show that about 45% of the population and rural houses are located in areas with high seismic risk. Furthermore, based on the vulnerability to earthquakes, Iranchr('39')s rural settlements are located in three levels with low, medium and high vulnerabilities, most of which, in other words, about 70% of Iranchr('39')s rural settlements are located in the category with high vulnerability.

The hand-dug architecture of the foothills of the Sahand volcanic mountain is one of the lesser-known types of Iranian architecture that some of its landmarks have been partially studied. Historical and remarkable examples of baths as the hand-dug architecture of Sahand can be found in almost all the villages. Water supply systems and spatial circulation due to space constraints in the rock are among the features that highlight the architectural typology of the hand-dug baths of Sahand foothills; in fact, the necessity and importance of this research revolve around them. Field survey and documentation methods for the process of creating architectural spaces as well as the water supply system along with construction techniques were used. This paper aims at presenting new findings on the hand-dug bath of Kahnamu, as an intact bath in Sahand foothills, and answers questions such as what are the architectural and physical features of Kahnamu bath in terms of hand-dug spaces? What are the water supply and circulation systems in the interior spaces of the baths in this mountainous area? Library research, field observation and documentation methods are used in this study.One of the key features of Kahnamu bath is its water supply and circulation system, which uses the water of qanat and heating systems to provide suitable water for various means in Khazineh and other interior spaces of the bath. In addition, the main materials combined with this type of architecture in the original examples are scattered rocks in the mountainous environment and volcanic rubble in the riverbeds of the Sahand valleys; also, in the construction of complementary or repair spaces, mud-based eco-mortars have been used. Today, in new samples, along with old materials, sand and cement mortar is widely used.

Cities are just as vulnerable to natural phenomena as they are the most influential human population centres on the natural environment. One of the important components of a sustainable city is its resilience to climate change and environmental hazards. This research aims to analyse the resilience of Varamin city by the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method and determine the effective indicators in its climate resilience. Varamin, a satellite city of Tehran in the southern plain of Tehran and adjacent to the desert plain with a hot and dry climate, is one of the major food suppliers of the capital. In this study, firstly, the key components and indicators related to climate resilience in Varamin were extracted using documentary and library research, field surveys and interviews with 44 experts and specialists in the field of urban planning, environmental planning and urban climate using the Delphi method and through a questionnaire. Afterwards, according to the stages of the Analytic Network Process method and the characteristics of Varamin city, the data and basic information were classified and consequently, the ANP conceptual model was developed. With four components and 33 indicators, the ANP model based on climatic resilience of Varamin city was generated using Super Decisions software and the results were then analysed. The outcomes obtained from ANP show that the highest priority in climatic resilience of Varamin city is related to the population living in informal settlements (including Omrabad, Lorabad, Goltapeh, Sakineh-banoo and Deh-Sharifa) with 0.22 normalized weight and 0.213 migration rate from the socio-economic component. Since the city of Varamin has a large share of the marginalized population and the attracted migrants are not able to provide housing in the formal markets, it is very important to increase the empowerment and improve the resilience of these settlements to climate change. Moreover, from the environmental point of view, the city of Varamin is threatened by climate change conditions due to the decrease of groundwater level and salinization of plain water resources. In addition, land subsidence is one of the major threats to the Varamin plain, as a result of vast agricultural lands, uncontrolled harvesting and abundant drainage of groundwater aquifers. Finally, considering the immigration, the physical growth of Varamin and the extensive change and conversion of land cover/land use balance changes the surface energy and water cycle of the region.