پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 62 (بهار 1400)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and civilian status of Qom city in two periods of Safavid and Qajar and related works and related examples. With the advent of the Safavid regime, due to the socio-political conditions that arose, Shi'ism increased sharply, as during the Safavid period, the Iranian population changed in favor of the Shi'ites, and the Shi'i religion first became formal. During this period, the city of Qom reached the peak of flourishing in the political and economic fields, as most of the historical monuments and schools of Qom are related to the same period. In fact, after the capture of this city by Shah Isma'il Safavi, most of the kings of this dynasty came to Qom and remained for a while, which has led to growth in various cultural and civilian dimensions. In the Qajar period, progress in some of the cultural and civilization characteristics of schools, such as schools, is slowing down, and more is limited to the restoration or restoration of works and historical buildings.

The economic geography of khorasan region was one of the important factors in attracting Arabs to this region. Different cities played an important economic role in different periods in terms of commercially, Agriculture and the existence of mines. This descriptive analytical study seeks to find the answer to the question of what role the economic geography of khorasan played in the migration of Muslim Arabs in the first century AH? Findings show that due to climatic diversity, khorasan was compatible with the tastes of the Arabs and despite the rivers and springs had various agricultural products and the existence of various industries such as textiles and handicrafts and precious mines and being on the trade route of prosperous land silk, have been for this reason, it played a very important rol in the migration of Muslim Arab tribes, many of whom were involved in wars in addition to their religious motives and for this reason many tribes migrated and settled there after the conquests in the first century AH.

In this study, social insecurity in the politics and practice of the first Pahlavi is briefly discussed. Reza Shah's efforts and policies to establish a modern government and the expansion of comprehensive modernization (economic, social, political, etc.) at a basic and clear stage It is the history of Iran that, by linking the first Pahlavi government with modern ideologies (nationalism) and historical backgrounds (archeology), was able to create important actions and policies in that time frame. Although this modernization and populism could have positive functions in the field of security and its components in the political and social sector, but it also paved the way for fundamental and dangerous social insecurities, which we seek to explain and analyze in this article. This article seeks to identify the causes of social insecurity created in the first Pahlavi modernization programs and to answer the question of what consequences the policies of the first Pahlavi era had for social security and what were the social security strategies in the first Pahlavi era. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method through which the obtained historical information can be better analyzed.

The discourse of Iranian constitutionalism as a semantic system in which a variety of socio-political and economic factors have been influential in the process of its evolution, in order to represent it in a way that can be scientifically examined, needs to pay attention to all its contexts in a clear and understandable combination. With the time of its emergence. Examining the conceptual elements and contextual variables and the historical context in the constitutional space shows that the long years of Qajar rule in Iran (based on reliable historical evidence and sources) are full of tyranny, oppression and government corruption, poverty and economic backwardness. Ignorance, ignorance and superstition have been the rule of foreign domination, chaos and public insecurity, which, relying entirely on superstitious and reactionary interpretations of religion in public opinion and the minds of human subjects, always seemed a natural and predestined situation. Contemporary Iranians mainly believe that the first contact of Iranian thinkers with the achievements of Western civilization and understanding of the backward "us" and advanced "them" was the beginning of the emergence of constitutional discourse and efforts for fundamental changes in the intellectual and socio-political system of the country. Its various aspects can be represented and analyzed through discourse analysis.

Ethics in adherence to international treaties has always been considered by philosophers, scientists and jurists, especially in the contemporary history of Iran, as a rational necessity and a necessity of a healthy social life. Governments are logically inclined to maintain their material and spiritual assets, especially their international prestige; And the ethics of commitment and responsibility will greatly help to increase that capital. Thus, adherence to the ethics of the treaty has often been used as a way to legitimize individuals in societies and has become a solid intangible guarantee during legal and political guarantees.By examining it in jurisprudence and law, in addition to explaining the extent to which governments adhere to treaties and treaties, especially in the international arena, which has always been a concern of governments in the history of nations, can also be considered by the country's diplomatic apparatus. To take. Therefore, in this article, by examining the role of ethics in the need to adhere to international treaties as one of the principles of foreign relations of the Islamic State and the basis of Islamic ethics in treaties, the distinction and commonality of ethics and law, citing verses, hadiths, reason And the international custom, following the basic solutions, deals with the duty of ethics in the law of international treaties in the contemporary history of Iran. Because the author believes that if the position of ethics in such sensitive international relations and its observance is properly explained, they will achieve it.

Many scholars claim that an analytical look at the history of Islam clearly shows that the post-prophet Islamic society underwent epistemological and behavioral transformations in many important areas that were of particular interest to the Prophet, and in a gradual movement distanced itself from the concerns of the Prophet.But it seems that if such a long and fragile claim cannot be accepted; But according to the abundant historical evidence, there can be no doubt that the Prophet's view of women's personality and rights was different or inconsistent with what was later formed in the religious community.In this article, while briefly explaining the personality and position of women in the prophetic age and the capacities created by the Islamic epistemology system to realize their potential, an attempt is made to answer the question of when and how the change in the personality and rights of post-apocalyptic women it fell?The brief answer to these questions, which is followed by historical reports based on analytical historiography, is that the first fundamental steps for this deviation in the Umayyad caliphate seem to have been taken, for example: Return of sexual discourse to the relationship. Men and women, returning to an object-oriented view of women, promoting moral corruption in order to prevent the moral and human capacities of women, and so on can be mentioned.

Qahistan is a region in the historical geography of Iran that has a huge and inseparable connection with Greater Khorasan. Although today most of it is called South Khorasan and some of its northern regions are part of Khorasan Razavi, but Qahstan has witnessed historical events in its historical course.Due to its geographical location and cultural context in the field of education and training, Qahistan province has played a special role in Islamic culture and civilization from Afshari to the end of Qajar, so that great scholars emerged from this province and important factors such as political, social, economic and cultural The educational situation in Ghohestan has been influential. The method of collecting information in this research is based on the descriptive-analytical method of collecting resources and library documents. It has paved the way for excellence and advancement of education, so that the establishment of public schools politically and economically as a highway and culturally intellectual and ethnic pluralism are the main factors in improving the educational situation of Qahistan and stability in this area. It is possible.Therefore, the position of schools in the quality of education in Qahistan province has played a very important role in promoting the cultural insight of this province, so much so that it has nurtured elders, dignitaries and scientific masters and scholars of religiosity.

The nature of the militarism of the Ziaran and the opposition they had with the Abbasid caliphate, what kind of relationship they had with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran. In order to understand the political and religious behaviors of ziyāri in the field of domestic politics and their relations with the Abbasid caliph, they have to analyze the geopolitical space they have come from that point in history. The Ziyaran was in fact the Deylmi fighters who, as a result of long co-operation with the local governments of northern Iran, were able to overcome their defenses, and in the short run overwhelmed large parts of the north and center of Iran. Although they had grown up in the service of the Alawites and other Shiite rulers of northern Iran, their leaders had pre-Islamic Iranian revival tendencies.The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of divergence and convergence of ziarias with the Abbasid and central governments, and the results of these relations will be evaluated on the weakness and power of this dynasty. The research method in this study is based on an analytical explanatory method.