نشریه اقتصاد باثبات
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1399)

Over the past decades, the world economy has seen the loss of millions of well-paying manufacturing jobs. This trend has been observed in recent years in the Middle East. Some jobs in the Middle East have been lost forever due to the advent of technology and labor savings. At the same time, many low-wage jobs have been created in the service and retail sectors of their economies. The growth of technology reduces the demand for low-skilled workers and increases the demand for skilled workers, and as a result, the wage gap between the two groups increases. It is noteworthy that technology also affects income distribution by affecting macroeconomic variables such as growth, employment, income, and wage levels. In recent years, technological advances in the Middle East have intensified, and it is important to examine the impact of employment in industry on income inequality.This article uses panel data from Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Turkey, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, the UAE and Egypt from 2000 to 2018 to examine the relationship between industrial employment and inequality. In this study, the variables of Gini coefficient, industrial employment, GDP per capita, the ratio of trade to GDP and the ratio of government expenditure to GDP have been used and econometric method is generalized method of moments two-step (GMM). The analysis shows that industrial employment is negatively related to income inequality, while other variables have little effect on income inequality.

In the theory of human capital, which conceptually includes the two main components of knowledge acquisition and skills acquisition, the household and its characteristics -household dimensions-are considered as an important factor.According to importance of household dimensions in human capital theory,in this article,first, the statistical relationship between the size of household dimensions in the provinces of Iran and the share of literacy in 2016 is discussed by using the Kendall coefficient method. Then as the main purpose of the study, the trend of changes in literacy share index with increasing household dimension is examined and also clustering of provinces with independent component analysis (ICA) technique has been investigated. The results show that in households with no literate person and also one and two literate person are observed a negative significant relationship between the household dimension and the share of literacy in some provinces.Moreover, there are no significant relationship In households with three literate person in all provinces and positive significant in households with four or more literate person in all provinces except Yazd province.According this trend show that provinces are clustering in seven cluster in households with one literate person, in five clusters in households with two literate person, in seven clusters in households with three literate person, in seven clusters in households with four literate person and in four clusters in households without literate person.In all clusters, Sistan and Baluchestan province is in a separate cluster compared to other provinces according to changes in literacy share with increasing household size.

The effects of the tax on economic activities are one of the most important issues in general finance. Taxes are the most important source of revenue for the government, in addition to being an important means of implementing government fiscal policies. Since taxes affect resource allocation, they will have important effects on real economic variables. Therefore, the effects of direct and indirect taxation on private investment have been studied. The method of gathering statistics and data is a library based on time series statistics of 1996-2018, which are derived from the central bank, the effect of government development expenditure, GDP, direct tax, indirect tax, business index, and risk index on investment have been estimated using the ARDL method for the Iranian economy. Government construction expenditure, direct taxation and risk index have a negative relationship with private investment, but GDP, indirect taxes and business index have a positive impact on private investment. Considering the inverse relation between direct tax and private investment as well as the positive relation between indirect tax and private investment, the imposition of tax breaks for direct taxes and an increase of indirect taxes can be effective in encouraging private investment.

The present study examines the long-term relationship between energy demand, financial development and economic growth using data from the period 1349 to 1396. In order to reduce the bias of the estimates, the variables of foreign direct investment, free trade and gross fixed capital formation are also considered in the proposed model. To estimate the desired long-run relationship from generalized least squares regression, The Bayer-Hank combined co-integration method has been used. The results of this study showed that the increase in energy demand due to financial development is negligible and the impact of trade, gross fixed capital formation and real GDP on positive energy demand is positive. Also, the results of the asymmetric causality test showed that real GDP, free trade and gross fixed capital formation are the cause of long-term energy demand. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the impact of economic growth on energy consumption is much greater than the impact of financial development on this variable

The rapid spread of the Covid 19 pandemic has caused shocks in the economies of all countries. This shock has caused a recession in most economic activities. Of course, the depth of the new recession will depend on the policy response to the Corona virus crisis.. Therefore, in this study, we have tried to investigate the effect of corona virus (COVID-19) and oil prices on policy uncertainty in Iran using daily data in the period from February 19, 2020 to November 20, 2020. The results of the nonlinear ARDL model show that the new cases of COVID-19 and the new deaths reported in Iran are positively and significantly related to the uncertainty of Iranian policy in the long run. Also, the price of oil as a positive and negative shock has an asymmetric relationship with policy uncertainty in the long run.

Environmental health is one of the most important current concerns of people and officials in the world, to the extent that everyone agrees to reduce it and believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the present generation but also for future generations, because industrial pollution costs a lot. In our country, despite the increase in pollutants, no practical plans and decisions have been made in this study, which is entitled to determine the optimal rate of green tax on large industries based on isic codes by SUR (seemingly irrelevant regression) cost function Translog based on cost variables (salary cost, insurance cost, tax, training, transportation, fuel, repairs) estimated results show that more than 95% of the factors affecting the total cost are explained by the above variables in the model and The optimal rate of green tax in the whole industrial sector against each million tons of production is equal to 0.19 percent, cement sector / 13, petrochemical / 18. , Rubber and plastic 17 /. , Power plants 12 /. And stone mines 09 /. It is suggested that the government and responsible agencies can use financial and economic tools to control pollutants.