نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 59 (پاییز 1400)

Controversy over Hafez's religiosity or apostasy has a long background. The problem in the present article is to identify the discourse order in Hafez's lyric poetry, and to determine which discourses are insider and highlighted in this discourse order and which discourses are outsiders. Thus, a better understanding of Hafez's approach to religion can be gained through a fundamental and objective data method. The theoretical basis of the research is Laclau and Moffe theory of discourse and the research method is based on Soltani discourse semiotics model (2014). Accordingly, it was determined that the discourse order in Diwan of Hafez includes governmental, religious and Sufism. The alignment of Hafez's wisdom discourse with his love to Qur'an shows that this discourse does not contradict real religious values. The central signifier in wisdom’s discourse is the prescriptive signifier which is opposed and hypocritical to religious discourses.

Myths play a major role in the creation of literary works, especially novels. "The Kingdom of this World" and " Age of Enlightenment " (El Siglo de las Luces) by Alejandro Carpathian and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi's "Gone are the days of the Elderly" are among the novels that have created a combination of real, imaginary and mythical worlds in the style of magical realism. Under the realistic and historical layer of these novels, the framework of the mythical world has a serious and continuous presence. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is a comparative study of myths in the three novels. Alejo Carpentier and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi are writers from two different nations with two different languages ​​between whom there is no historical relationship. In contemporary times, these two writers did not know each other and were not influenced by each other's works, ideas, currents and genres, style and structure of storytelling. That’s why the fundamental actions and concepts of myths in the hidden layers of these three novels are studied and analyzed in the present article and the method is analytical – descriptive in the framework of the American School of Comparative Literature approach.

Hermeneutics went beyond the interpretation of religious texts and stepped into the field of various sciences such as history, art, economics, political science and psychology, followed by education by developing specialized disciplines in the academic centers of the world. The main purpose of the present research is to compare the creativity literature and modern hermeneutics by emphasizing Martin Heidegger’s viewpoints. The method of the research is analytical. Proximity to the abovementioned issue, questioning and thinking, criticism and the quality of comprehension in the learner indicate the relationship between modern hermeneutics and creative learning. Raising interest in education in the learner, preparing educational programs, creating scientific interests in the learner and making mutual understanding between the instructor and the learner are some of the goals that can be designed on the basis of hermeneutics for creative learning. In modern hermeneutics, creative learning is given importance and the process is such that a subject must first be agreed upon and critiqued in order to create a quality of understanding in the learner.

Parvin Etesami is one of the famous poets of contemporary Persian poetry whose opposition to oppression and oppressors and sympathy for the deprived and oppressed are important themes of her poetry. Ahmad Abdolmoati Hejazi is also one of the pioneers of contemporary Arabic poetry and one of the most committed Egyptian poets whose poems depict the pain and sorrow of the people of his community, including their struggle against oppression. The present study attempts to research and analyze the common manifestations of oppression theme between these two poets, relying on a descriptive – analytical method. The results show that issues such as the search for a utopia free of tyranny, protesting against injustice in income distribution and heavy taxes, and criticizing homelessness in dealing with orphans and orphaned children are among the common manifestations of anti-oppression. Nevertheless, Parvin uses allegorical language, fables and ironic expressions to express her criticisms, while in Hejazi's poetry, there is no mention of far-fetched allegories and he criticizes the political and social governing situation boldly and explicitly.

Poetry has beauties whose recognition of which deals with several topics. Discovering the outermost layer of poetry is related to the words of the couplet which is related to rhetoric science. After this layer is the expression science; but the hidden beauty that requires enough attention and concentration to find is the one related to rhetoric and knowledge of meanings and plays an effective role in the artistic creation and poetry beauty. One of the most important tasks of rhetoric, especially semantics, is to help human in the accurate transmission of his inner thoughts and feelings. Hafez is one of the powerful poets of the eighth century who has a powerful language and is influential and skilled in applying the techniques of the meanings of poetry. In this article the meanings of the palace in the Hafez Shirazi and Sanai Ghaznavi’s odes have been studied and the method is librarian. The results of the research show that Hafez’s art in applying such meanings penetrates the framework of sentences in a way that it cannot be easily obtained in the superstructure.

Travelogues are one of the important scientific resources to recognize cities and countries. They are one of the best sources of political information, as the travel writer writes it for the purpose of reporting his journey. The travelogues of the Holy Shrines provide useful information to the readers due to the religious motives that most Muslims in the world encourage them to do. The subject of the present article is the political analysis of several travelogues of Holy Shrines in the Islamic Revolution era; since after the change of the Pahlavi regime to the Islamic government in Iran, the attention to the writing of this group of travelogues has become more prominent which is remarkable in its kind. The importance of this research is that writers are not political people and they express everything they see in the world around them. These travelogues are a cognitive guide to the literature of the Islamic Revolution. The method is descriptive – analytical and in a librarian way.

Love is one of the most important titles of Persian poetry and has created excellent themes and beautiful interpretations and utmost concepts thanks to literature. Molana Jalaleddin Rumi – seventh century poet and gnostic – is one of the famous poets and gnostic who has displayed beautiful and different images on the subject of love in his works. This article has explored the abovementioned subject through documents and librarian model and the method is descriptive – analytical. The data indicate that the status of love in his poems is superlative; the worldly and extraterrestrial types are discussed as well. He considers earthly love to be the shadow or mediator of heavenly love. According to Rumi, love is ongoing in the whole universe. Following pioneers such as Sanaie, Attar and Nezami, he has unwrapped less explored angles of love subject for public. Raising the romantic issue that the poet should endure with the violence and grace of the beloved is one of his characteristics.

Critical and objective literature reflects the orientations and concerns of protesters against the regimes or governments. These ideas that appear in the works of poets consciously or unconsciously provide a common ground in the literature of different nations. Poetries by Siavash Kasrai and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab (Iraqi poet) can be examined in this regard due to facing similar political failures. The findings of the present study indicate that despair, nostalgia and political frustration are the main themes of both poets’ poetries. Both have resorted to regret and loneliness, expressing love for the homeland, using myths, complaining about the times and the people of the time, and stating disgust with traitors to express their political nostalgia. Both are looking for a lost paradise to get rid of the existing political atmosphere. Feelings of failure, deception, confusion and even remorse are more pronounced in Kasrai's poems. Hope and despair go hand in hand in Kasrai's poems, but in Sayyab's poetries they are related to two stages of his life. loneliness and morbidity can be seen in both poets’ poetries.

Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi (1892) is one of the leading poets in the field of Romantic school in Arabic literature who sometimes tried to express the educational themes in poetry in addition to romantic principles. He is the child of an age in which the struggle for liberation from colonialism was carried out full – blooded; thus, he portrayed some of the moral recommendations and human values ​​in the form of in – text infrastructures; one can become aware of the characteristics of romantic poetry in the Arab society by reading his poetries. Educational poetry refers to those couplets whose poetic purpose is to teach moral values ​​and human beliefs. This descriptive – analytical article intends to show in what field and how the educational teachings of the mentioned poet were reflected. The most important results indicate that the moral propositions he sought in religious discourse were presented through intertextual relations and beautiful descriptions, while in expressing social and political issues he tended to symbolism more than any other literary trick.

Literature has always been one of the most important tools of criticism in societies and writers have enjoyed it indirectly and symbolically. One of the methods that writers use to express social problems and empathize with people is humor. Black humor is a laugh mixed with pain that comes from the rebellious person’s heart to confront common and incorrect political and social beliefs and behaviors. Abolghasem Halat and Mohammad Maghut’s poetries are full of this kind of humor, which they have applied to express problems such as poverty, foreign interference and so on. But Maghut has enjoyed black humor in a broader sense and has also addressed subjects such as war, imprisonment and problems in the Arab world. These two poets have also applied techniques such as contradiction, contempt and humiliation. But at the same time, they have not used words and phrases that are contrary to morality and culture. The different individual and social conditions of these two poets have caused the mild tone in their words but the sting of the Maghut’s words is more noticeable.

Boshra Al-Bostani in contemporary Arabic poetry and Tahereh Saffarzadeh in the field of contemporary Persian literature are considered to be the true preachers of anti-authoritarianism. The two mentioned poets, who represent the sensitive, conscious and cultured strata of their society, were able to compose exciting poems and stimulate the people’s dormant emotions in order to leave lasting literary works in the interests of their land in addition to influencing events and happenings.The present study, which is descriptive – analytical and enjoys the library method, seeks to examine the concept of anti-authoritarianism, which is one of the most important common themes of the poems of these two from the perspective of comparative literature. The results of the present article indicate that the most important common themes in two mentioned resistance poets’ poetries are concepts such as expressing the miserable situation of the country, exposing the oppression of internal enemies and colonialists, and the effects and consequences of their attack on Iraq and Iran, and finally calling on the people to maintain unity in order to defeat the enemies.

In the present article, the mystical terms "Tawhid" (monotheism) and "Tawakul" (trust) in "Al-Qushayriyya Al-Risala" have been studied in a comparative view with the book "Sufi levels" by Khajeh Abdullah Ansari. Unlike al-Qushayrī, Khajeh Abdullah has not dedicated a specific chapter to any of these terms, but has addressed some of mystical concepts in his sermons as required by the word. The words of all Sufis about monotheism show their confession of the singleness of God. Qushayrī himself directly confirms it, and Khajeh Abdullah, in his definition of monotheism, believes that monotheism is not the "I" of a person, but only "He" and that is enough. Qushayrī and Khajh Abdullah quote the words of other Sufis about Trust. Undoubtedly, the two agree on the words of the Sufis who use them as evidence. Qushayrī and Khajeh Abdullah have tried to express the words of the great Sufis in this regard in addition to describing the conduct status.

Poems that narrate the events and historical happenings of a nation have a prominent place in literary texts since they have the proudness consequences in the culture of that nation. Meanwhile, Hamidi Shirazi's poem "In the Waves of Sindh", which has Iranian educational, historical and epic components against Mongol’s assault, and on the other hand, a similar poem in Arabic literature entitled "The Assassination of Sultan Tajuddin" by Mohammad Al Quri – Sudanese poet – narrator of Masalit Tribes in Sudan with the French colonization in 1910, known as the Battle of Dorothy are of this category. In this research, two mentioned poems have been studied and adapted based on the American school of comparative literature to find out what arrangements these two poets have enjoyed in expressing the social relations of their poems and to what extent their words have been able and successful in creating a suitable poetic atmosphere, characterization of the heroes and applying various signs and symbols.

Patriarchy and male attitude are seen in all the characters of this novel indiscriminately.  The institutionalization of the father's law in the individual and collective subconscious of the members of this fence is so intense that even after the physical death of the father, this structure appears in other forms. The narrative technique for controlling the signs system in the present text has been adopted so that language itself becomes a tool of repression and suppresses female speech and discourse; In fact, the narrator utters the desired words from on behalf of female characters. The mentality that has become an internal tyranny in the subconscious does not want to be liberated and will replace it with another dictator with the death of any dictatorship and will have to live in "graves, domes and cemeteries" for the rest of his life. The spirit of tradition, however, is much stronger, and is prevalent in mentality, social relations, and in institutions such as the family, the school, and the state, and is in eternal contradiction with renewal. We are always saddened by dictators and we mourn their absence.

Jean-François Lyotard discusses postmodernism and its conditions and characteristics, and lists features for postmodern culture, works and ideas. One of the features that distinguishes postmodernism from other literary and cultural periods and schools is the failure and collapse of macro – narrations. Thus, it can be claimed that literary works, downplay macro – narrations, weaken their foundations, move towards postmodernism and place themselves to a greater or lesser degree among postmodern works. The present study aims to survey the three selected works of Martin Amis from cstructure and reviewing hyper stories and show how literature and philosophy, side by side, depict the disintegration of rigid discourses and, in the exhaustion of despair, they consider the possibility of the emergence of a new discourse or narrative. The method of the study is interdisciplinary that have been done as a librarian technique.