نشریه جستارهای تاریخی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

War is an approach that governments take as a solution to achieve security, independence and development and to survive. Although security will be obtaind through both diplomacy and military, governments of the six centuries AH, often chose the military force to repel external and internal threats. Historical events, including Arabs and Turks invasion, made security is use in Iran. Thus among the three pillars - Military force, vassal, treasury - the military force became more important. The present study check the position of the military in Iran in the first six centuries by studying on etiquettes and historical texts. The research method is descriptive and analytical and it is a documentary writing. The result of the research shows the rulers need knowledge and awareness to gather and organize troops, rather than warfares that becom modernized in time and with technological growth. Even though battlefields may change, governments still fight to achieve Material, spiritual or human goals with the military force. It is necessary to know military techniques, to understand strategies and rules in the field of military selection, their population composition and careful attention to detail in military matters.

One of the main patterns in Qajar era itineraries is the comparison and securitizing the roots of underdevelopment in Iran in that era. This can show us how the Iranian elite have seen the onset of modernity and tradition conflicts.Abolhassan Ilchi is among the very first Iranian diplomats who served in London and Saint Petersburg in early 19 century. His writings (Heirat nameh) reflects interesting experiences and is a valuable source for understanding that era.In this paper we have examined the reactions and solutions provided by Abolhassan ilchi .in doing so we have utilized a multilevel analysis method in which the judgements and solutions proposed by the author is discussed and compared to contemporary Iranian elites. Also the fascination and the critiques made by author is also a matter of discussion and analysis.We have found that although the author is thinking in premodern framework but he managed to comprehend and set forth the idea of Iranian identity vs western identity and tried to reach some sort of solution to that dilemma..

The Mongol invasion of Islamic lands and the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate is one of the most important events of the seventh century AH, which has been considered by historians from different dimensions. Historians of the patriarchal era (Jovini, Ibn Futi, Minhaj Siraj Jawzjani, Wasaf) have come close to historical objectivity in narrating the fall of Baghdad. It is assumed that the solidity of the narrator's method in the narrative affects the two principles of criticism and analysis and his view of what history is in achieving historical objectivity. In fact, the narrator's knowledge of the intellectual and narrative sciences and their critical causal approach bring them closer to historical objectivity.

Kaveh Ahangar, a well-known figure in national stories and the initiator of Fereydoun's uprising, is not found in any of the pre-Islamic Iranian texts, despite his almost widespread presence in Islamic texts. This issue has led the researchers to explore the origins of his story, and various theories have been put forward. In this article, we have also tried to find other views about Kaveh by looking at the library and descriptive-analytical method, while reviewing and criticizing the previous researches, by thinking about the name and function of Kaveh and his belongings in Fereydoun's story. According to our searches, Kaveh could be another manifestation of the cow that plays an important role against the devil not only in the story of Fereydoun, but also from the beginning of creation in Persian myths. After Barmayeh is killed by Zahak, who is the gothic manifestation of the devil, the cow comes to the aid of Fereydoun in the form of a human character and with the help of iron, which is Ormazdi's tool against the devil. The other manifestation of this animal which is against the devil is the head-cow mace, which, like Kaveh, is a mixture of cow and iron, by which Fereydoun binds Zahak.

Lifestyle is an interdisciplinary category that has attracted the attention of sociologists, psychologists, and other humanities researchers in recent years. This topic is also important in the study of cultural and social history from various aspects. The present article intends to show the perspective of lifestyle and factors of change in the Qajar period by examining nutrition patterns, clothing style, leisure time and people's beliefs in the Qajar period. The findings of this study show the impact of class status, gender and religious beliefs on lifestyle differentiation in this period. In addition, the relationship with the West and the advent of modernity has played a key role in the evolution of the lifestyle patterns of Qajar Iranians

The Chaldoran war is one of the important historical and its representation can be seen in the decorations of Mohammad Baqer Lacquer pencil case in the Tehran Malek Museum with number 1393.05.000555.The significance of subject has led to the Chaldoran war Illustration in the decorations of this Lacquer pencil. The purpose is to re-read the Chaldoran war event and to recognize the important event components and to know how it is represented in Mohammad Baqer Lacquer pencil case. Questions include: 1- How are the details of the Chaldoran War event represented in the decorations of Mohammad Baqer Lacquer pencil case? 2- How much decorating of Mohammad Baqer Lacquer pencil case are similar to the historical details of the Chaldoran War? The research method is descriptive-analytical and its data have been collected by searching library and documentary sources and case study is Mohammad Baqer Lacquer pencil case in the Tehran Malek Museum and has been qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the details of the historical narrative are not seen exactly in the decorations of the Afshar Lacquer pencil case, and this invalidates the scientific validity of the work's identity card, which emphasizes the subject of the Chaldoran War, and it seems that the subject of this work is not a description of the Chaldoran War.

After the conquest of Tehran and the re-establishment of the constitutional system, Efforts were made to modernize the power. Therefore, the Democratic and Etedaliyon (Moderate) parties put different ways in their statutes that caused a disagreement Between them. The Etedaliyon's weak program was opposed to the liberal and Egalitarian ideas of the Democrats, which were the basis of their socio-economic Transformation. Thus, Mohammad Amin Rasoulzadeh with a socialist background in the Caucasus And a leader of the democratic party to criticize their agenda, addressed this issue in His essay "On Criticism of the Etedaliyon Party" on the basis of historical materialism In order to link the ruling class's interests with the political format. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a Marxist ideological party treatise Based on the data gathering and descriptive-explanatory method. The research shows that by calling the Etedaliyon’s program an ineffective one, Rasoolzadeh intended to destroy the relationship between the feudal and vassal Relationship, which was in line with the Democrats' agenda.

Sunni religious authority in Southeastern Iran has undergone significant alterations during recent century. Historically investigating these alterations can respond to great part of questions in this regard. Effect of evolution of thoughts outside Iran on one hand, religious and racial commonalities between this area and Eastern neighbors and geographical situation of this area as well as population texture and constant immigrations, governmental and political systems in Iran on the other hand are of the most significant factors that have directly affected the structural alterations of religions discourse in this province.  These vast evolutions have influenced all cultural and political dimensions and turned religious authority into an effective geopolitical factor in local, national and international communities. Revising Sunni religious heritage, knowledge, rationality, change of approach in religious and social interactions are considered to be a few of these evolutions which have vividly changed the traditional approach in Sunni religious authority into a systematic, scientific and mostly based on idea of proximity approach which has independently proved not to be affected by Takfiri and radical movements outside the country. Applying descriptive- analytical approach, present research tends to investigate the historical factors of such evolution and its consequences and also answer the following questions: how has the historical evolution in Sunni religious authority taken place? And what role have the Sunni religious authorities in Southeastern Iran played in proximity among denominations?

This research examines the historical foundations and origins of Aryanist and Iran declination theories and the role did play Gobineau in this regard. The hypothesis of the article is that this viewpoint is rooted in the specific theories of de Gobineau about the history of ancient Iran and has continued and devolved through in many writers up to the second half of Reza Shah reign.  The aim of this study is to show in a descriptive-analytical method that Aryanist attitude towards the history of Iran in the first half of the nineteenth century was proportional to the political situation of that period, and especially a reaction to Iran's defeats in the two rounds wars with Russia. With the rise of the Nazis in Germany and the slogans on Aryanism, Gobineau's point of views once again gained support in interpreting the historical developments of pre-Islamic history of Iran. This study discusses the historical contexts of the formation of the Aryan school in the interpretation of Iranian history and evaluates its continuity and development, also this study examines one of the consequences of this theory, that is the theory of decline of Iran.

This article addresses the question of the relationship between the history of Iran and the late antiquity. A concept that has been debated in Western historiography for decades in the field of Roman and Byzantine studies; however, it has not yet found a place in Iranian historiography. Therefore, in the first step, after reviewing the opinion of several researchers in this field, we will discuss the periodization in the history of Iran. Then, in order to be able to give a more accurate view of the relationship, we will look at the issue from a historical perspective, political-administrative, religious, cultural and economic structure. The research method of this article is text analysis and comparison of theories; in addition, its sources are divided into two categories: primary sources, including historical texts, and secondary works, i.e., contemporary research. In the end, our emphasis is on continuity issue, especially in the field of culture Moreover, our suggestion is to consider the period of “Iran in Late antiquity" from the beginning of the Sasanian to the end of the first Abbasid period and the rise of the Seljuks, and it means that from about the third century to the end of the tenth century AD decade. A history that includes the late antiquity of the Westerners. In addition, one of the achievements of this research can be a proposal for periodization of the history of Iranian art and architecture.

Historiography cannot be properly studied and understood without the influence of other sciences or social and political spheres. The importance of this issue is due to the study of Mulla Jalal Manjemizadi's historiographical insight in the history of Abbasi (Mullah Jalal newspaper), a small part of the cultural life of Iran and especially the Safavid era (1135-1905 AH). It makes it clear. Since Mulla Jalal's historiography and historiography is based on principles that we have rarely seen in Iranian historiography. Based on this, it can be said that in the history of Abbasi (Mulla Jalal newspaper), the components of acceptability, legitimacy and legitimacy are based on cosmic and astronomical explanations as well as religious beliefs, which make this work one of the other works. Asr Safavi has distinguished. Therefore, it seems necessary to be aware of Mulla Jalal's historical vision and thought in recognizing the historical developments of this period. Accordingly, the authors have tried to analyze the relationship between historical facts and astronomy, astronomy and cosmology, and doctrinal thought in Mulla Jalal's historiographical insight into Abbasid history with a descriptive-analytical approach. . The claimant claims that: Although the idea of ​​Mulla Jalal's historiography in Abbasid history, like other sources gy, which included the court's astronomer, he linked history with astronomy and astronomy, the result of which was the use of the Qur'an in components such aon astronomy a linear history, promising, destiny-oriented and rationalist, and the need to observe the hours of Sa'd and Nahs have been crystallized. Is.

 Tourists are ambassadors of nations in the field of pre-modern culture and civilization. By traveling to unknown directions and invisible shores, regardless of their intentions, they have eased the difficulty and suffering of travel to a sociological and ontological point of view. A large part of our knowledge in the field of history and societies is the result of searches, observations and reports that have been left by tourists in the form of travelogues, such as the travelogues of Nasser Khosrow, Ibn Battuta, Klavikho and Delawala, each of which is appropriate. It is the basis of our awareness and knowledge of the quality of distant societies in the history and middle of Islamic civilization. With the coming to power of the Safavid dynasty, the number of tourists and travelogues increased, as the travelogues of Delavaleh, Chardin, Tavernier, etc. are among the most important sources of this period. Meanwhile, Pietro Delavalle, an Italian tourist, is one of the most famous Western tourists who entered the court of Shah Abbas Safavid with political intentions at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and after living in Iran for many years, next to the court and in direct contact with the people. , Portrayed a considerable volume of his observations and perceptions of Iranian culture and traditions with a sociological approach. This article tries to document and analyze parts of the sociological and ethnographic observations and judgments of this Italian tourist about Iranian customs based on his stay in Mazandaran.