مجله پویش در آموزش علوم پایه
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 24، پاییز 1400)

Due to the changes in experimental science textbooks, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the content of the fourth elementary science textbook in the academic year 2021-2022 using the technique of William Rumi. In this analysis, the activation or inactivity of the three components of the text, images and questions of the book activities has been considered by calculating the students' engagement coefficient. The present study is a quantitative content analysis and descriptive statistical method. The statistical population of the book is.The statistical sample is equal to the statistical population. The students' engagement coefficient in the text, pictures and questions of the book activities is 0.23,0.53 and 4.5, respectively, based on the fact that a range lower than 0.4 indicates inactivity and between 0.4 and 1.5 indicates active and higher.1.5 indicates over-engagement of students, text is inactive, and book images and book activity questions are too active. Therefore, the text and questions of the book activities do not involve students in practical activities in accordance with the objectives of the book, but the images in the book have sufficient and appropriate dynamics to engage students in practical activities in accordance with the objectives of the book.

This research on fifth grade of experimental sciences is based on the Merrill model. The present research is applied and its research method is descriptive and content analysis. The statistical population is the content of the fifth elementary science book 1400-1399 and the statistical sample is equal to the volume of the statistical population. The results of this study showed that the lessons of the fifth elementary book are more practical and applied. Primary and secondary presentation types are used to a good extent. Also, in the way of presenting, evaluating and diversifying the example, the principle of separation has been observed in most of the lessons of this book. The principle of matching and the level of difficulty have been observed in the way of presenting and evaluating. The findings of this study show that many of the criteria of the Merrill method have been observed in the fifth grade elementary experimental science textbook.

Die doel van hierdie studie is om die inhoud van die eerste graad elementêre wiskundehandboeke in geselekteerde lande te ondersoek op grond van Gardner se veelvuldige intelligensies. Die metode van hierdie navorsing is kwalitatiewe en inhoudsanalise gebaseer op Gardner se teorie van veelvuldige intelligensies. Die statistiese populasie is beelde en diagramme van die eerste elementêre wiskundehandboeke in Iran, die Verenigde State (Kalifornië) en Japan-gepubliseer tussen 1397-98 of 2018-19. 20 beelde is lukraak uit verskillende dele van elke boek gekies vir voorbeeld. Die geselekteerde inhoud is ontleed op grond van Gardner se veelvuldige intelligensies. Die verkrygde data is daarna beskryf en ontleed. 'N Vergelykende vergelyking is getref tussen die data verkry uit die frekwensie van intelligensies in die inhoud van elke boek en die resultate is in 'n grafiek vertoon. Volgens studies het logies-wiskundige intelligensie in die inhoud van die eerste graad elementêre wiskundehandboek in Iran 'n frekwensie van elf, wat baie laag is, en hierdie waarde is nie wenslik vir 'n wiskundehandboek nie. Daarom is dit nodig dat programmeerders en handboekontwerpers aandag aan hierdie saak gee en die inhoud van wiskundehandboeke, veral die eerste graad van die laerskool, met meer beplanning en akkuraatheid saamstel sodat.

Living and non-living entities are strikingly different, yet somehow the precise manner in which these two material forms relate to one another has remained provocatively out of reach. On the other hand, the decisive role of carbohydrates in the emergence of life is an evident reality and undeniable. I this regard, the synthesis of carbohydrate through Formose reaction has gained increasing researcher attention. The purpose of this research is the study of prebiotic synthesis of carbohydrates centering Formose reaction with analytical-descriptive method. Also, the main significance of the Formose reaction is related to the scenarios of chemical evolution expressing the possibility of a prebiotic condition on the earth to produce the first carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids and other required material. The necessity of studying this reaction lies in its ability to synthesize carbohydrates. The findings of this research indicated that the Formose reaction is indeed an aldol condensation in the alkaline environments which can be accelerated by the catalysts. The Formose reaction was the basis for the non-biological chemical reactions to produce carbohydrates. From the chemical system point of view, it is a highly complex system composed of two reactions one slow and the other rapid.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the biological topics of the fifth and sixth grade elementary experimental science textbooks in terms of the level of activity of the text and images of these topics using the method of William Romey. The content was examined in terms of specific and predetermined criteria or indicators. The study method is content analysis and in terms of purpose is among the applied studies. In this study, the unit of analysis is sentences and pictures. The statistical population includes biological topics of books written by experimental sciences in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school in 1300-1499. The results of the study showed that the conflict index for text sentences in the biological topics of fifth and sixth grade elementary science textbooks in the appropriate range of 0.86 and 0.53, respectively, and for images in the appropriate range of 0.63 and 0.63, respectively. The coefficients of conflict of the biological contents of these books are closer to the number 0.5 and more distant than the number 1.5, so the biological contents of these books have been relatively actively written, but they are far from the desired status.

Creating misunderstandings and not learning a concept makes it difficult for us to understand, justify and continue the scientific path. The purpose of this study is to identify the misunderstandings and arguments of first semester students in the field of physics education at Fars Farhangian University. The study sample was 50 students-teachers in the field of physics education in the first semester of Shahid Rajaei Campus in Shiraz. In this study, in order to identify misunderstandings of different physics topics among students-teachers of physics education, These misunderstandings were presented to the statistical community in the form of sentences and after collection, the data were analyzed.. One of the important suggestions to reduce and eliminate these misunderstandings is to use the capacity of courses such as mechanics and waves (with emphasis on high school), electricity and magnetism (with emphasis on high school) and heat and optics (with emphasis on high school) and select the content of this.