پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 63 (تابستان 1400)

After the Parthian dynasty came to power in 247 BC, Iran's relations with its neighbors and governments of that day took on a new form. At the same time, this fledgling government began to establish extensive struggles and conflicts to gain control of Iran's borders and territory with the invading tribes, the Seleucid government, and the Roman Empire. It must be acknowledged that the kings of this dynasty not only paid attention to military disputes and conflicts, but also used the tools and methods of diplomacy in relation to those states. The Parthians achieved various successes by using diplomacy to maintain their political borders and gain economic and political privileges. This research uses the method of historical study based on the collection of historical documents to seek to answer the question of how Parthian imperial diplomacy was based on some components? And what role and place has it played in the political and economic approaches of this dynasty? The approach of this research is that the Parthians maintained their territorial integrity by means such as negotiating through their ambassadors and concluding political and economic treaties, and were able to equip the IRGC and continue their strategic battles with the rich profits from trade.Keywords:

Historical thinking refers to the attitude that considers man and his thinking in his historical and social context and considers any understanding, cognition, interpretation and action of man as historical. In contrast, non-historical thinking, influenced by Aristotelian essentialist thought and Cartesian mathematical reason, considers a single and universal meaning of reason,which it considers the criterion and benchmark of all historical periods. The main question of the article is with what attitude does Herder criticize the common interpretation of the Enlightenment and the purpose of this research is to examine the aspects of his criticisms in this field. Therefore, his views have been studied by descriptive-analytical method. Herder's philosophy of history is based on the principle of the dynamics of history and this dynamism is the result of movement and dynamism of human nature as a result of movement and dynamism of his thinking and thought.Herder believes in the historical nature of thought, and consequently in language, culture, religion, and all human dignity in general and considers all nations to share in the realization of a common goal, namely "humanity", according to their historical circumstances. Hence,as one of the historical philosophers, he criticizes the position of Enlightenment thinkers and opposes the common view of this age, which saw modern reason as the benchmark for measuring all things.The research hypothesis is that everyone considers non-historical thinking to be abstract, unrealistic and incapable of understanding the historical and cultural facts of each historical period and he believes that correct understanding is historical understanding.

Since Zoroastrianism was chosen by Ardashir I as the official religion of the Sassanid Empire, the Mobedes (Zoroastrian priests) were highly respected during the rule of this dynasty and the Mobedan Mobed (chief priest) became one of the most powerful figures in the Sassanid court. Nevertheless, some Sassanid kings including Khosrow Aparvez showed inclination towards other religions for political and economic reasons. Khosrow Aparvez converted to Christianity at the beginning of his rule and offered Christians key positions in his court. Christians built numerous churches in the western Sassanid provinces and enjoyed considerable influence in his government. However, this policy changed completely in the last years of his rule. . Findings showed despite the fact that Zoroastrianism was the official religion of the Sassanids and Khosrow Aparvez also believed in it, in order to get political and military advantages and to please Maurice, the Roman emperor, who had helped him to ascend throne, he pretended to be interested in Christianity at the beginning of his rule. That is why after Maurice’s decease, he changed his policy, suppressed Christians, seized their territory, and took several priests as well as the Holy Cross hostage. This paper aims at investigating Khosrow Aparvez religion and the reasons why he converted to Christianity.

First Pahlavi period is considered the most outstanding era of Iran’s contemporary history due to extensive political and social transformation. During his twenty-year reign, Reza Shah was always trying to intensify his own reigning power structure because of his nationalistic and military-centered inclinations as well as relationship with countries like Germany, especially in Hitler’s period. Meanwhile different cities of country such as Tabriz and Urmia located in the state of Azarbaijan also benefited from this kind of attitude, and important governmental buildings were stablished in these cities in the presence of German architects and engineers. How Nazi Germany structure had an effect on the manifestation of power structure in Iranian architectural structure and investigating it, in particular in two aforementioned cities, is the main goal of this research. As this research is qualitative, a combination of the two approaches of historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytic has been carried out. The results obtained imply that modeling of Nazi architectural concepts and western neoclassic bases resulting from the relations with Germany and the presence of German Architects has had an undeniable role in the formation of governmental architecture and power structure.

Many scholars claim that an analytical look at the history of Islam clearly shows that the post-prophet Islamic society underwent epistemological and behavioral transformations in many important areas that were of particular interest to the Prophet, and in a gradual movement distanced itself from the concerns of the Prophet.But it seems that if such a long and fragile claim cannot be accepted; But according to the abundant historical evidence, there can be no doubt that the Prophet's view of women's personality and rights was different or inconsistent with what was later formed in the religious community.In this article, while briefly explaining the personality and position of women in the prophetic age and the capacities created by the Islamic epistemology system to realize their potential, an attempt is made to answer the question of when and how the change in the personality and rights of post-apocalyptic women it fell?The brief answer to these questions, which is followed by historical reports based on analytical historiography, is that the first fundamental steps for this deviation in the Umayyad caliphate seem to have been taken, for example: Return of sexual discourse to the relationship. Men and women, returning to an object-oriented view of women, promoting moral corruption in order to prevent the moral and human capacities of women, and so on can be mentioned.

The tendency towards a variety of arts among caliphs, ministers and various classes of society has increased with the relief of Muslims from the conquests and the improvement of the power and wealth of the Islamic community. This study is a descriptive-analytic study using existing research in this field, the role of ministers of the first and second eras of Abbasid was studied in the development and evolution of music art. The results showed that one of the most important factors of progress in the art of music in the Abbasid era are the presence of Iranian ministers in the court, which, supported by their rich culture and civilization, have been struggling to protect the musicians. According to the circumstances of the Abbasid first era, such as political and economic stability, the interest and support of caliphs and ministers of music and musicians, It can be concluded that this ministers with their economic and political support of artists have played an effective role in the development and evolution of music.

Qahistan is a region in the historical geography of Iran that has a huge and inseparable connection with Greater Khorasan. Although today most of it is called South Khorasan and some of its northern regions are part of Khorasan Razavi, but Qahstan has witnessed historical events in its historical course.Due to its geographical location and cultural context in the field of education and training, Qahistan province has played a special role in Islamic culture and civilization from Afshari to the end of Qajar, so that great scholars emerged from this province and important factors such as political, social, economic and cultural The educational situation in Ghohestan has been influential. The method of collecting information in this research is based on the descriptive-analytical method of collecting resources and library documents. It has paved the way for excellence and advancement of education, so that the establishment of public schools politically and economically as a highway and culturally intellectual and ethnic pluralism are the main factors in improving the educational situation of Qahistan and stability in this area. It is possible.Therefore, the position of schools in the quality of education in Qahistan province has played a very important role in promoting the cultural insight of this province, so much so that it has nurtured elders, dignitaries and scientific masters and scholars of religiosity.