پژوهشنامه تربیتی
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 68، پاییز 1400)

Explanation and understanding of human behavior are very important issues in education and care about the understanding of human behavior also depends on assumptions that Considered by Educational researcher, before the research. Researchers are influenced by his or her culture then sciences Influenced by the origins in the philosophical, anthropological and cultural aspects. In Behaviorism approaches, behavior can be explained in terms of causes or conditions that are beyond one's own. So by this default, Man is influenced by its environment. Therefore, Behavior can be explained by the mechanistic form. But in other approaches that rely on human agency, have a goal-oriented explanatory. then, In Approaches that based on agency, rather than being influenced by their environment, are affected by their actions. Hence, Educational Researcher, in Interpretations and changes of human behavior, insist on foundations of action, instead of relying excessively on the environment and inner forces.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between managers' innovative behavior and transformational leadership with the mediating role of organizational resilience in Islamic Azad University of Sari. The purpose of this study was field data collection method and descriptive correlation method. The statistical population consisted of all the employees of Islamic Azad University of Sari Branch in the year 2997, using the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) and the relative stratified random sampling method (by gender) of 169 persons. Sample sizes were selected. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of Counterterrorism Innovation (1998), Transformational Leadership Bass and Avolio (2000), and Conor and Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by experts. Reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Innovative Behavior 0.93, Transformational Leadership 0.95 and Resiliency 0.89%). Descriptive (frequency, abundance and cumulative percentage) and inferential (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, structural equations, multivariate correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA) were used to analyze the data using Spss and Lisrel software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between managers' innovative behavior with transformational leadership and the mediating role of organizational resilience. Innovative behavior can also predict organizational resilience and transformational leadership.

Physical education is one of the basic foundations for the development of children and adolescents, because it provides lifelong participation in physical activities to achieve physical and mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the infrastructure of physical education in the Iranian education system using It is from FAHP. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is combined in terms of method (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population included professors and experts in the field of physical education. Sampling was purposeful. Data collection tools were semi-structured interview and 9-item paired comparison questionnaire and FAHP was used to rank the identified infrastructures. The results show that physical education infrastructure includes spatial infrastructure, facilities and equipment, sustainable financial infrastructure, human infrastructure, administrative-managerial infrastructure, design of appropriate curriculum, content infrastructure, teaching method infrastructure, socio-cultural infrastructure, system, respectively. Standard evaluation is the legal and motivational infrastructure. The results of this study can help educational planners to take effective steps to develop physical education in schools.

The purpose of this study was to investigation the relationship of invitational education with school engagement with mediation role of academic self-concept in Saghez sixth grade students 1396-97 academic year. The research method is correlation. The statistical population of this study includes 2485 students of the 6th grade elementary school in Saqez city. Through the Krejci and Morgan table and cluster sampling method, the sample size was 360 people. In order to collect the data, Amos, Pourki and Tobias (1984) invitational education questionnaire, Yi-Hissn Chen (2004) educational self-concept questionnaire and Wang et al. (2011) school engagement were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used by SPSS and Amos software. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between invitational education with academic self-concept, invitational education with engagement in school, self-concept with engagement in school (p < 0.05). Also, the results showed that educational self-concept have a mediating role in the relationship between invitational education and engagement in school.

The purpose of this study was to identify effective factors on the emergence of teacher's organizational silence through synthesis research. The research method is qualitative and of the research synthesis type.The population of the study was comprised of all domestic and non-domestic documents related to the subject of organizational silence from databases between 2013 and 2021, totaling 100 articles. All received articles were categorized and screened through content analysis, and 39 articles (10 external sources and 29 internal sources) meeting the criteria considered in the study in the aforementioned period were selected by purposive sampling and snowball as a statistical sample and were examined.The research tool was a checklist created by the researcher to record initial research information by searching for different keywords pertaining to the purpose of the research. The validity of the proposed framework was evaluated on the basis of four criteria: credibility, transferability, trustworthiness, and confirmability. The result of the inductive and compositional content analysis of the categories is the extraction of the conceptual framework of the factors of organizational silence around 4 levels: organizational, individual, managerial, and social.

The aim of this research was providing a model of professional ethics of high school managers based on religious teachings. The present study was applied from type of descriptive. The research population was high school managers of Tehran city in the 2018-19 academic years. The research sample according to Cochran's formula calculated 233 people who to ensure the sample size number of 400 people were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by the 75 items researcher-made questionnaire, that its face and content validity by experts' opinion and its construct validity by exploratory factor analysis was confirmed and its reliability was obtained 0.91 by Cronbach's alpha method. To analyze the data were used from exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling methods in SPSS-20 and Smart-PLS-2 software. The findings showed that professional ethics of school managers based on religious teachings of Islam had seven factors of technical-professional, ethical, individual, social, legal, research and economic that they all had the appropriate factor load. Also, the fit indices of the model of professional ethics of high school managers based on religious teachings of Islam indicated the proper fit of the model and all seven factors had a direct and significant effect on the model (p < 0.05).

The main purpose of this study is to prioritize the effective factors in Iranian higher education based on the best teaching model. The statistical population was all education experts who in the first part 17 experts and in the second part 20 experts participated in this study. The sampling method was purposeful. The research method is descriptive survey and correlation to examine the effectiveness of the components. The measurement tool was two questionnaires of pairwise comparisons. The data of the first questionnaire related to the components of higher education were used by Demetel technique (Atlas software) and for the second questionnaire related to teaching patterns, fuzzy TOPSIS method was used. Components of socio-cultural commitments, professors and political factors ranked first to third in terms of effectiveness of evaluation components, staff and the type and structure of the organization ranked first to third in terms of effectiveness. Also, individual teaching models were considered the best model for successful teaching and traditional teaching models were considered the worst model. The results show that teachers in universities should try to learn and improve the level of other models while strengthening traditional teaching patterns. Managers and policy makers should seek to improve the culture of universities by using modern teaching models.

Information, values and attitudes related to the basis of life are conveyed through the school and to achieve these goals, adaptation to the school is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the role of connection with nature and environmental empathy in adjustment to school. The statistical population was the tenth female students of Bandar-e-Imam city, of which 198 were selected voluntarily. To collect data, the Masito-Ferrer et al. (2019) nature connection and environmental empathy questionnaire (Its reliability is .88 and its validity is confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis) and the Kawa et al. (2015) adjustment to school questionnaire (Its reliability is 0.83 and its validity is confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis) were used. The research design is correlational. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 with the help of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between connection with nature and environmental empathy with adjustment to school. Regression analysis showed that connection with nature and environmental empathy were able to explain 22% of adjustment to school. The present study suggests that in explaining adjustment to school, attention should be paid to the role of connection with nature and environmental empathy.

The present age is the age of dramatic and fundamental changes in innovations and technologies and is an important and vital factor for organizations in order to create sustainable value and competitive advantage. The overall purpose of this study was the effect of technology management on knowledge commercialization in Islamic Azad universities of Mazandaran province. In terms of purpose, this research is an application that was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 20 experts in the field of research and in the quantitative section, the faculty members of the Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran Province amounted to 1537 people. 10 people and in the quantitative part according to Cochran's formula, 308 people were selected stratified random sampling method. A researcher-made technology management questionnaire with 41 questions and a knowledge commercialization questionnaire with 30 questions were used. Confirmatory test using SPSS and PLS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a relationship between the exogenous variable of technology management and the latent variable of endogenous knowledge commercialization based on the path load coefficients of factor 0.458, also considering the t-value for this relationship (10.976) which is out of range (58 / 2 and 58 / 2-) is at 99% confidence level The impact of technology management on knowledge commercialization has become significant, so it can be concluded that technology management has a positive and significant effect on knowledge commercialization.

The purpose of this research is investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, happiness, life satisfaction and perceived social support with students academic achievement motivation. The statistical society of this study is university students of Bandar Anzali branch. Appropriate sample selected by sampling method, Morgan's table used to determine the sample size in this study that the number of samples are 246 people for the community with a frequency 3500 people. The data collection tool is a valid questionnaire. Using questionnaires self-efficacy Sherer et al (1982), happiness Oxford (1989), life satisfaction of Diener et al. (1985), perceived social support (family and friends) Prosidano and Heller's (1986) and achievement motivation Wallerand et al (1989). After collecting the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability for each of the factors. SPS software has been used to analyze data for descriptive statistics, Pearson test and simultaneous regression. The test results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy variable and academic achievement motivation; There is a positive and significant relationship between happiness variability and academic achievement motivation; There is a positive and significant relationship between life satisfaction variable and academic achievement motivation; There is a positive and significant relationship between the perceived social support variable and academic achievement motivation.