Journal of Chemical Health Risks
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Autumn 2021

In this work, hybrid fly ash geopolymer/alginate spheres (GSA) were produced and used as an effective and economical adsorbent in a treatment of batik wastewater. A preparation of GSA adsorbent involved a facile method where the fly ash (FA) based geopolymer was entrapped into sodium alginate (SA) followed by cross-linking of Ca2+ and SA.  In additional to that, natural egg white was utilized as a foaming agent. Characterization of the GSA adsorbent strongly confirmed the formation of hybrid spheres that composed of geopolymer and alginate with extremely porous microstructure with porosity of 87.64%. Surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume was 12.874 m2/g, 3.3110 nm and 0.1684 cm3/g, respectively. Prior to the adsorption process, the batik wastewater was pre-treated using high concentration acid hydrofluoric (HF) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The optimum acidification pre-treatment at pH 3 removed ~ 93% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In the subsequent stage, the highest percentage of COD removal was ~27% by utilizing 1500 mg/L of MgO powder.  In the final stage, different dosages of GSA adsorbent was used in order to treat the remaining COD and resulted in as maximum as ~67% of the COD removal. According to the finding, the sequential pre-treatment and application of high-porosity hybrid GSA adsorbent offered a great potential to be implemented as an economical and effective batik wastewater treatment.

Honey is used worldwide due to its medicinal and nutritional properties. Antibiotics are used to treat diseases such as American foulbrood and European foulbrood or as a drug for preventing disease in the beehives. Antibiotic residues should be carefully monitored because they can have adverse effects on the general health of human. In this study, the amount of tetracycline residue was measured in honey samples. A total of 80 honey samples were collected from different regions of Qazvin province, Iran. The methods used included enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ELISA method showed that the maximum and minimum levels of tetracycline residue were 40 ppb and 1.26 ppb, respectively. The areas with values above the kit’s LOD include Takestan (14.28%), Abeyek (4.76%), and Alamot-e-gharbi (4.54%), respectively. In the Alamot-e-sharghi samples, the antibiotic values above the kit’s LOD were not found. Samples with values above the kit’s LOD in ELISA method were measured using HPLC method. According to ELISA results, of the 80 honey samples, 4 samples (5%) had antibiotic more than the highest LOD of the kit. These 4 samples were tested using HPLC method. The results of HPLC showed that out of 4 honey samples, one sample was more than 40 ppb, but 3 samples were less than 40 ppb. There is a significant difference between ELISA and HPLC (p < 0.05). If the antibiotic residue levels of tetracycline are too high in food, it can cause serious harm to the health of consumers, therefore, monitoring of antibiotics residue in food is very necessary.

Toxoplasma gondii infects people via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that stimulates humoral and cellular immune responses with specific antibodies. Within this same system, the presence of ABO blood group glycoconjugates also arises and can affect human sensitivity to T. gondii  infection. During this paper, the frequency distribution of ABO, as well as Rh blood groups in different phenotypes, were evaluated to investigate potential relationships with toxoplasmosis and to estimate the incidence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Al- Nasiriya city. Data-including serology test results for toxoplasmosis and ABO phenotypes of blood groups in women attending Bint-AL Huda and AL-Shatra Hospital in Nasiriya city were collected from starting of (2013) until   the end of (2014). It's have been analyzed using version 20 of SPSS. Results of 2861 participating women indicate high prevalence of toxoplasmosis are 1018 (35.6%), 767 (26.8%), 694 (24.3%) and 382 (13.4%) for"B, A, O, and AB"groups respectively. A large portion of them was Rh+ (70.33%). In conclusion, this research was a significant relationship between blood groups, Rh factor and toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma was relatively high among women in Al-Nasiriya city and Rhesus positive factor, and Blood type B individuals were most affected.

In this research, the data of wells in operation, deep and semi-deep wells were studied for assessment of trace elements of wells in Meshgin Shahr plain zone. Digital data were obtained using Arc GIS software. Using systematic random selection method, 46 wells were considered as the statistical population. For preparing zoning maps, after investigating a spatial correlation among the observed values, feasibility of preparing the underlying maps was studied using geostatistics methods such as inverse square distance and Kriging methods. Findings of the study indicated presence of trace metals (zinc and copper) in water. Considering continued trend of pollution and limited amount of aquifers, it will have, certainly, various environmental risks in long term. Hence, qualitative and quantitative protection and preventing increasing pollution of water, due to limited water resources in Meshgin Shahr plain, are among the main principles of planning in line with population and industrial development and excessive exploitation of Meshgin Shahr plain aquifer should be considered as the main factor in generation of chemical pollution. Findings of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between concentration of zinc and copper elements in the studied well waters. The highest average concentration is related to zinc element and the lowest concentration of trace metal is related to copper. The main reasons of trace elements presence are maternal stones storage capacity and transferring it to the ground waters. The two elements of zinc and copper are above the related standards specially at the north part of the area. Although type of the lithology affects amount of silicate and non-silicate minerals and considering diversity of lithology and concentration of human activities and residence at the elevation aligned foothills and plain lands have caused human factors (using chemical fertilizers, detergents) they cause accumulative effects on the above mentioned elements.

The morphological and biochemical characters and effect of a highly protein diet on Japanese quail were investigated. Total participants in this study were twenty adult male and eighteen female Japanese quail, they were at three different old-stages; 30-days, 90-day and 180-day old. They were offered highly-protein food and water for two weeks. After two weeks, the serum has been centrifugated, hence different indicators including the total protein were assessed. Kidneys were examined with a light microscopy, their masses were estimated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22. we observed a decrease in width of middle lobe of kidneys in 90-days old quail birds (22%) and 180-days old quail birds (18%). The perimeter of anterior lobe has been increasing as the age increases, whereas it was a decrease in the middle lobe (35%) and posterior lobe (31%) in 90-days old quail birds. As compared between sex-based groups, it has been shown increase in absolute value of kidney weight among 90-days old (23%) and in 90-days old (7%) female quail birds. Absolute mass has been found more in left kidney at 30-days old (16%) and lower in the right kidney in all age groups female quail birds than that of males. A decrease in length of three lobes of the kidneys was observed in 180-days old females of quail birds (20%), whereas it has been found significantly increase in the width of front lobe (11%) in females quail birds. There was an increase in the amount of general protein and level of albumin in females and males in all age groups. The globin was higher in males than was in females. When comparing the ratio of phosphorus and calcium, it was observed that both of them were higher in females than males. Alkaline phosphate and hemoglobin were elevated in males in 180-days old.

The purpose of this manuscript was to remove and decolorize vitamin B12 from an aqueous solution of drug tablets using ZrO2 as an environmentally friendly method via advanced oxidation processes. Some oxidant agents such as Fe2+, H2O2, K2S2O8 and their mixture of were performed, and the best adsorption sequences have occurred with increased adsorption capacity: q(K2S2O8 + H2O2)>q(H2O2) >q (K2S2O8) >q (Fe2+ + H2O2) >q (Fe2+)>q (without) Endothermic and physical adsorption occurred of this vitamin on the ZrO2 surface with and without the addition of K2S2O8 +H2O2. On the other side, the photoreaction for this vitamin with and without the addition of K2S2O8 +H2O2 was found to be quick, endothermic, less random, and spontaneous. At 15 min, 33.223 % and 98. 684% were calculated as the maximum percentage of removal in the dark reaction and the maximum decolorization in the photocatalytic reaction respectively.

The fast industrialization and urbanization in the world have led to increasing heavy metal pollution in the water supplies. Here, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution and contamination of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in the drinking water sources of Mashhad in Iran. In this survey, 432 samples of drinking water were collected from 5 zones and 36 stations from August 2017 to May 2018. The results of heavy metal measurements showed that the average concentrations of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni) and Pb were 0.198±0.11, 0.018±0.04, 5.80±7.87, 1.695±2.16 and 0.574± 0.22 µg L-1for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni) and Pb, respectively. This result showed that the concentration of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters were comparatively lower than the threshold values throughout the study period; however, some stations showed metrics values above the acceptable limit. Thus, there is still potential contamination in drinking water due to potential heavy metal interactions and long-term exposure. Results of this study showed the current pollution status of drinking water in Mashhad needs remediation efforts to protect human health in urban regions, which highlighted a basis for decision-making in the future to take the main action on contamination control.

Multiple mutations in the quinolone-determining resistant regions of topoisomerase enzymes are usually associated with high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli. Gyr A gene encodes (gyrase II) enzyme that changes topology by introducing transient double-stranded breaks into DNA and passing a second double-stranded DNA segment through the break before resealing it. The current investigation aims to reveal the correlation between functional gyrase enzyme and non-functional gyrase with level MIC of quinolone resistance under study. Patients with various illnesses such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), gastro enteritis (diarrhea) and wound infections were involved in the investigation. A total of 200 clinical samples were obtained. There are 30 samples diagnostic as E. coli clinical strain after identification by biochemical test, VITEK-2 compact system, and by molecular method using 16SrDNA marker. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and Gatifloxacin was performed by broth microdilution method. According to manufacturing company (Topogen-USA); cell lysate are produced;then Bacterial gyrase assay (Topogen-USA) has been used to show the activity of gyrase enzyme by observation of negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA. Gyr A gene is detectable in all tested E. coli (100%); but There are only 16/30 isolates have active topoisomerase type2 with percentage 53.33% only; while; (14) isolates with non-functional gyrase enzyme since they not produce negative supercoiling DNA bands after gel electrophoreses with ethidium bromide stain. non-functional gyrase enzyme are associated with high E. coli resistance level against quinolone antimicrobial under study. MIC value for two groups are show significantly different concerning Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, while no significant difference concerning Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin antibiotics.As a result, this research representsto be an effective method for determining the primary target of a quinolone drug in E. coli clinical isolates, and for the purification and characterization of DNA Gyrase so. E. coli are highly isolated from vagina samples 40% and then from urine samples (32%) followed by (24%) from wounds infections and (21%) from stool .There are correlation between the reduced sensitivity of quinolone under study and bacterial topoisomerases activity in E. coli isolates.

Diagnosis and treatment of digestive lesions remain the hold the limelight of both practitioners and scientists. Their combination worsens the prognosis in patients with chronic kidney disease in chronic glomerulonephritis, there is an imbalance of trace elements, which negatively affects the course of the disease and increases the risk of such complications. The paper aims to study the effect of Minerol on the clinical manifestations of the disease in patients with combined damage to the gastroenterological zone (chronic gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer disease) and kidneys (chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis) according to clinical, laboratory and instrumental research methods. The diagnosis was verified by esophagogastroduodenoscopy with targeted biopsy, X-ray method, ph-metry, ultrasound; association with Helicobacter pylori – according to biopsy urease and respiratory tests, the presence of urinary syndrome − generally accepted laboratory methods, and radionuclide methods, if necessary. Patients were divided into two groups aged 18-60 years. When included in the complex treatment of gastroduodenal zone and kidney lesions, the biologically active drug Minerol contributes to a faster recovery of patients and plays an indispensable role in the prevention of complications such as uremic anaemia, cardiomyopathy, etc., providing anti-inflammatory and sanogenetic effects, can be useful in the treatment of post COVID syndrome.

The present study aimed to investigate the levels of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in highly used lipsticks in Kashan, Iran. The average concentrations of metals in lipsticks were lower than the maximum admissible limits determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The highest and lowest levels of systematic exposure dose (SED) were found for Cr and Pb metals, respectively. However, the SEDs of all metals were less than the reference doses (RFD). The hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic risk for all metals was less than 1 and there is no threat to consumers in the concentrations of the metals in the lipsticks. Also, for all metals, the margin of exposure (MoE) and the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were higher and lower than 104 and 10-6, respectively. Therefore, the possibility of carcinogenic risks of these metals due to the use of lipsticks is low. The results showed that the dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (SQRA) for Ni was greater than 1 and no dermal sensitization risk is observed.

Comparative studies between conventional technique, method (A) and green chemistry (microwave irradiation) , method (B) to synthesis of four novel unsymmetrical alkyl piperidinium salts ionic liquids (PBSILs) by the addition of alkyl halides (methyl or allyl) to piperidine with yields more than (90%) in method (A) and less than (70%) in method (B) respectively with decrease reaction time. Theses novel organic salts are characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, FTIR and mass spectrometry.

Origanum majorana L. is an annual, sometimes biennial herbaceous plant with straight stems and oval opposite branches and leaves. This plant is useful in traditional medicine and is used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism and infections. This research investigated the antimicrobial effects and toxicity of Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the extract of the medicinal plant O. majorana L., on 3 cancer cell lines such as A549, MCF-7, and HeLa. Silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using the extract of O. majorana. After physical and chemical evaluation, the antimicrobial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the inhibitory effect of synthesized nanoparticles was assessed by the MTT assay on 3 cancer cell lines. With an average size of 15 nm, the nanoparticles synthesized by O. majorana extract had a significant inhibitory and lethal effect on 2 bacteria. The anti-cancer effect of the synthesized nanoparticles was on all 3 cell lines. However, with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles on the survival of cancer cells decreased, indicating a direct dose interaction on the inhibitory rate of silver nanoparticles. At a concentration of 50 g/mL, the synthesized Silver nanoparticles showed more than 50% inhibitory effect on different cell lines. Our results demonstrate that medicinal plants can be used in the successful synthesis of biological Silver nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs can be utilized as effective medicinal agents in the management of several cancers due to their coating made of effective secondary metabolites and the release of silver ions (Ag+).