پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

the cases that severe crises and heavy losses in this province. In the third decade of this century Iran witnessed the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty.In his ambitious plan Reza shah called for Iranan sovereignty in the Persian gulf and its ports and islands and considered one of goal was to promote the health and treatment of northen ports including Bushehr.During this period the supervision of the South Quarantine was directly monitored by Iran.Other measures such as training of specialists nurses midwives equipping the hospital expanding Baladieh and setting up numerous associations have taken an effective step in raising the level of health in the Persian gulf especially in Bushehr. These actions did not stop during the second Pahlavi period and continued with greater intensity.

Makran did not consider as a significant province in the early Islamic period in comparison with Fars and Khorasan province. But, its importance is interesting not only in the sense of a local history but also in the study of world trade history. At the beginning of the conquest, the Muslims considered it insignificant and the reports of the first Islamic centuries suggested it as a low-yielding land state, so the conquest of Makran and its surrounding areas was not pursued with interest and seriousness. However, conquest of Sindth in first Century A.H increased the tax revenue of Abassid Caliphate from Makran. As in 168 AH, Jahshiari reported Makran tribute as four hundred thousand dirhams and Qadameh Ibn Ja'far and Muqaddasi reported this revenue one million dirhams afterward. The present research is descriptive- analytic and is based on library studies and seeks to answer this question: Why Makran province changed from a low-yield land in the era of conquests to a relatively rich land in the Abbasid era? According to the research findings, the growth of trade through Sindth made Makran a profitable state for the Abbasid caliphate which had no economic value at the beginning of the conquest of Islam as the bureaucrats of that time refered to the collected tax from Makran. This development has relied more on trade relations between Sindh and Makran.

One of the important goals of the Constitutional Revolution was to change and improve the financial system of the Qajar government. With the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly, as an emerging institution in the administrative structure of Iran, became the head of the government's financial developments. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the goals and challenges of the First National Assembly in changing the budgeting system and what were the results and consequences. A centralized and balanced budget was the main goal of the parliament and in line with that; Increasing revenues, reducing court and government spending were on the agenda. Therefore, the parliament, to increase revenue; It abolished " TYWLDʼRY" and "TASʻῙR  ĞENS " and included the "TAFAVOT  ʻAMAL " tax in the main tax, but because its structural background was not ready, it did not lead to positive results.The establishment of National Bank was also proposed with the aim of preventing foreign borrowing and compensating for the budget deficit, but because the government failed to form it, the field of foreign loans was created again in the next governments. Although these programs were aimed at balancing the budget, they could not stop the declining revenue trend that began in the late Nasserite period and continued in the Mozaffari period, but continued more rapidly and created a larger budget deficit. Thus, the goals and plans of the first parliament did not face a positive change due to the unfamiliarity of the government and the parliament with the old and new financial methods, the existence of shaky cabinets and the dissatisfaction of the people. The method of preparing and collecting research is documentary and library and the type of research is explanatory-analytical.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Iran witnessed the formation of stages in the development and growth of its processes. The occupation of Iran in August 1941 and the fall of Reza Shah's government and then his exile led to emphasis of the foreign factor as the main obstacle to successful development programs. Thus was neglected the internal factors that were at the heart of the prevailing policies and methods. The purpose of this article is to clarify the internal reasons and factors for the cessation and failure of the development process by using the two concepts of extractive institutions and the Vicious Cycle in the Reza Shah Developing Government. The main question is: Under what conditions did the development process in Iran during the Reza Shah period begin and what have been the defect of this process? Success, promoting efficiency and sustaining the development process requires the growth of inclusive institutions and the existence of a cycle of virtue and the failure of development resulting from the extractive institutions and the Vicious Cycle. first Pahlavi, steps were taken to establish institutions and exploit them on the path to development. However, this process was disrupted due to the formation of extractive institutions and the Vicious Cycle and led to public dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction was revealed by the lack of support for the social forces of the government during the occupation of Iran during the Second World War. This study is designed as historical-explanatory and its data gathering method is library-documentary studies.

The end of the fifth century AH in the history of Khorasan with the presence of the great Sufi elders in the Islamic society, the formation of Sufi allegorical literature, Sufi teachings and the emergence of the social institution of the monastery expanded. At the same time, during this period, Sunni and Shiite sectarian conflicts with hadith and controversial literature on the principles and sub-principles of religion, especially the issue of Imamate and the superiority of the righteous caliphs, had spread in this area. The problem of the article is that according to the intellectual foundations of Islamic mysticism and the allegorical expression style of Sufi literature, the Persian-speaking Sufis of Khorasan who addressed the general public presented what images and themes about the character of the righteous caliphs in Sufi allegorical literature from the sacred history of Islamic faith. It perpetuated social harmonization among Sufi Brotherhood groups beyond local and ideological differences; Findings of the article show that since Sufism and mysticism have claimed unity, love, brotherhood and equality, in Sufi literature by presenting an allegorical style in Persian from the sacred history of Islamic faith and considering the emotional function of language about the meaning of thoughts and actions of caliphs. In the early history of Islam, the position of the Rashidun caliphs was defined in a unifying way in terms of spiritual equality in mystical positions.

The relations between Iran and the industrial west in the 12th century AH / 18 AD had various effects and results; In the economic sphere, for example, these results were quite tangible. From the second half of the 13th century AH, the production guilds were most affected by the economic relations between Iran and the West, and in the gradual process of changing the structure of the Iranian economy, did not enjoy the possibility of transformation and modernization in the organization and production technology. Finally, in the first Pahlavi period, the orientation of economic and social relations governing Iranian society caused a significant change or gradual decline of some areas of professional production. In this study, how changes occur in the production of crafts, the actions of craftsmen in adapting or coping with new conditions, and finally the consequences of measures taken in the field of importing goods, are considered. This research has used the method of data collection in the form of libraries, especially archives, and pays attention to the analysis of the relations between professional production and its opposition to industrial production. The results of the present study show that the professionals, in the face of the difficult situation they faced, took solutions in the field of economic policy, countermeasures and cross-cutting actions that were ultimately inefficient and the import of foreign goods remains Remained one of the challenges facing manufacturing industries.

Migration from rural to urban areas, as the dominant form of migration in Iran, has two aspects; One aspect is the natural conditions that lead to the migration of excess population or the so-called overflow of the rural population, the other aspect is due to government policies and the implementation of incomplete reforms in the villages, such as land reform. The collapse of traditional production methods in Iranian society, which culminated in land reform in the 1961s, can be considered as a turning point in accelerating the process of internal rural-urban migration and the growth of urbanization in the country. In this research, an attempt is made to investigate the conditions that accelerated the process of rural migration in Persia in the sixties and seventies. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and based on historical documents and sources. The most important event taken by the government in the early 1961s to improve the social life of the villages was land reform. According to the findings of the study in Fars after the land reform, there were many conflicts over cropping patterns and the type of land and water division. The lands of Persia were different in different parts of the province. In most areas, farmers owned land; But with the lack of water, they practically did not have much use for their land. On the other hand, successive droughts were one of the major problems in this province. In addition to these conditions, some government projects (construction of dams and formation of agricultural joint stock companies) also worsened the situation, which resulted in the formation of large-scale rural migration and urban growth in the province.

Being democratic is one of the most outstanding features of oral history, so it can cover ‎the concerns of all walks of society. Also, since oral history does not suffer from the ‎bottlenecks of other historical disciplines regarding coverage of a phenomenon, it can be ‎decentralized from historiography and be extended to ordinary people. Until the second ‎decade of the twentieth century and the active emergence of the Annales school, ‎historiography would often overlook ordinary people and lower classes of society. Since then, ‎especially over the past seven decades, oral history, combined with other modern styles, has ‎made great efforts to steer historiography from elitism and centralism to multiple social ‎aspects.‎The purpose of this study is to expose the place and status of oral history in social history, ‎therefore, it has addressed two basic questions: 1) Why should the lower classes and the ‎neglected or less seen groups of society be brought back into the spotlight of history? 2) How ‎can oral history materialize the process of democratization and decentralizing history? For ‎this purpose, the present study has touched upon a number of these neglected classes in ‎history and examined and evaluated their conditions and the way in which oral history ‎interacts with them.‎

The purpose of this article is presentation a new analytics from Nomads Settlement policy in the Pahlavi period in western Iran. The main issue of the article is explanation of economic factors of settlement policy and also refers to its consequences. Data were collected from the archive of documents and library resources based on targeted sampling and analyzed by grounded theory method. Findings show changing macroeconomic policies of the state from axial distribution to axial production had important effects on the social identity of the tribes. This change was means lack of government support from peasant workforce focused in rural and nomadic areas. Along with the changing economic policies government demand declined sharply for buy services of paramilitary forces. Most important executive strategies of the government for nomadic identity change was to impose severe restrictions for nomination on the one hand and providing free farming facilities on the other hand. The most important consequences of tribal settlement program in western Iran as follow: The collapse of tribal system, transforming nomadic identity, organizational looting, the prevalence of wage labor and upgrading the social class of nomads.

Economic history is one of the most important topics in historical researches. This is important because understanding the economic concepts and characteristics of the financial institution of each period will help to better understand the social and political structures and the general situation of that period. In addition, it can pave the way for future economic planning. Financial documents in the archives of documents are considered as reliable sources of economic history. During the Safavid period, for various reasons, including political concentration and territorial unity, relative prosperity in the economy and trade, increasing foreign relations along with improving the performance of the judiciary, financial documents found a significant place and role in the political administrative system of that period. These documents provide complete information on trade, agriculture, and commodity exchanges between people. In the Safavid court organization, documents of real and commercial transactions, agricultural products and their spending methods and expenses were recorded. These financial documents are classified under different court titles based on their role and function. The purpose of this article is to understand how to distinguish and recognize these documents based on their role and function. This article intends to study the nature of Safavid financial documents based on archival sources and consider their role in the financial structure and economic relations of the relevant era.

World War II is one of the most important periods in the history of the world. The adverse effects and consequences of this war affected all countries, both warring and neutral countries, economically, socially and politically. Iran’s political arena was constantly changing during the four years of Allied presence. In the economic and social field, the situation was similarly chaotic and uncontrollable, the shortage of grains such as wheat, sugar, beans, etc .... caused unrest throughout Became the cities of Iran. Adopting useful and effective policies and programs to improve the situation at a time of crisis and war around the world could improve the situation and even get out of crises. The sugar crisis is one of the crises of this period. Sugar was used in addition to the daily consumption of people along with tea in industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, food factories and confectioneries. Hence the policies and letters from the Iranian governmentsTo solve this crisis and reduce the effects of the war on the shortage of sugar, by adopting policies such as: monopolizing sugar, rationing the basic items needed by the people was one of the measures taken by the Iranian government to resolve the sugar crisis. The monopoly of the sugar trade shows the high consumption of this product and the amount of its export and import. Mentioning the name of sugar cane in the list of essential items for rationing, which is done in special and critical circumstances to distribute essential and important items, is a certificate in itself. Revealing the sugar crisis among governments and the importance of its consumption among the Iranian. Therefore, they tried to distribute it fairly among the people with these measures. The present article tries to analyze the programs and policies used by governments in an analytical-documentary way. Therefore, the main question of the research is what the Iranian government has to do to get out of the crisis and the shortage of sugar in this period of time. Took action? And by analyzing the data, the degree of efficiency or inefficiency of the measures should be examined. Have the measures taken been effective in improving the situation or not? The article is based on the hypothesis that these measures not only improve the situation It did not help, but it also fueled the sugar crisis.

There exists meagre, unclear, and ambiguous information on a wide range of issues concerning the history of Iran throughout the Parthian period. Research on family structure and kinship marriage in this period also suffers from such a paucity. Some sources such as Avoraman Parchment, Bobylonian documents (i.e.,cuneiform tablets), and also Greek and Roman sources make us acquainted with a number of Royal Family women in Parthian period. Besides, such sources shed some lights on how kinship marriages were practiced among royal kings and queens. However, different, and sometimes, contradictory interpretations drawn from such sources give rise to different results and explications regarding kinship marriages in the aforementioned period. The present inquiry mainly seeks to delve into and analyze kinship marriages, in particular, incest ones in Parthian period. According to the findings, in the period under investigation, in an attempt to maintain the old Iranian traditions and attach importance to the preservation and continuity of the House, generation purity, and endogamy marriages as well, kinship marriages, especially, incest ones were the common practice among the members of Parthian Royal House. There is no valid information about the popularity and manner of such marriages among the common people. The love story of Vis and Ramin and the epic scripts of Ayadgar-i Zariran, as the scripts whose Parthian roots have been confirmed, offer some evidence to support the initial claim of the paper.