نشریه روان شناسی فرهنگی زن
پیاپی 49 (پاییز 1400)

The purpose of the present research was a comparative study of female characterization in the two short stories "Mashang"(the simpleton) by Moniro Ravanipour and “Bache Mardom” (child of the people) by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research population was the works of Moniro Ravanipour, and Jalal Al-Ahmad, and the studied sample was the woman character in the story of Mashang and “Bache Mardom”. The research design was descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done through the library method and through note card taking, and then, based on the two short studied stories, the characterization of woman by these two authors was analyzed and described. Findings showed that the story "Mashang" by Moniro Ravanipour was a successful example of female characterization in which the author addressed all the various physical, behavioral, intellectual, etc. dimensions of female identity and did not ignore any of them and the story of “Bache Mardom” by Jalal Al-Ahmad was an unsuccessful example of this type of characterization in which the author did not performed well in using the elements of the story and had often ignored the identity dimensions of the female character.

The aim of the present study was to examine the causal model of identity styles and social acceptance by mediating of dysfunctional attitudes in predicting the use of cosmetics in female students. The statistical population of the present study was all female students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University during the academic year 2020-2021. The research sample was 336 individuals who were selected via convenient sampling method. The research design was correlational and structural equations type. Measuring instruments included Identity Style Questionnaire (1989), Social Acceptance Questionnaire (1960), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (1978), and Cosmetics Use Questionnaire (2014). The subjects answered the questionnaires online and in cyberspace. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the causal model of the relationships between identity styles, social acceptance, dysfunctional attitudes, and the use of cosmetics in female students based on different indicators had optimum goodness of fit. Identity styles, social acceptance, and dysfunctional attitudes had a direct effect on the use of cosmetics in female students; also, identity styles and social acceptance had an indirect effect on the use of cosmetics through dysfunctional attitudes. Therefore, identity styles, social acceptance, and dysfunctional attitudes play an important role in the use of cosmetics in female students.

The present study aimed to evaluate women’s clothing during the Sassanid era. The research population consisted of the women's images in the reliefs, coins, seals, paintings, stuccos, and tessellations during the Sassanid era. The study sample included women’s clothing in cultural data of this era. The research design was a descriptive-analytical method. The data were gathered via library (documentary) research method by using written sources, field research, and tools such as cameras and taking note cards. The pictures were analyzed using an archaeological data method. The Sassanids' archaeological findings such as metal dishes, reliefs, coins, seals, etc. clearly showed that Iranian women were using a special kind of clothing despite their broad range of political and economic activities. The clothing was inspired by the art and culture of Sassanid kings and artists, and it was mentioned in the Avesta and most importantly, the clothing of Persians during the Sassanid era was a little different from the past so that various kinds of pleated silk and thin clothes such as shirts or tunics, capes, belts have replaced the rough and thick clothes of the past eras. In conclusion, Sassanid women such as goddess Anahita, the queen, and princesses wore clothes, running down to the ankles, a crown on their heads, pearl necklaces, and braided their hair, following the clothing described in Avesta.

The present study aim was to investigate the evolution of the content of lyric poetry in contemporary Iranian women lyrics works. The studied universe was the poetess lyric poetry from the Constitutional Era to the beginning of the contemporary nineties decade. The sample of the study was the lyrics poetry of Jaleh Ghaem Maghami, the poetry and the lyrics of Simin Behbahani and Forough Farrakhzad. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data collection was done through the library and digital research resources. To analyze the data, personality-centered trend methodology of the content of poetess's lyric poetry and its significant developments in the context of contemporary history were applied. The results showed that the totality and quality of women's poetry in this period were evolved progressively. The lyric poetry of contemporary Iranian women, after the lyric poetry of Simin Behbahani and Forough Farakhzad, had moved towards new and freethinking horizons. Among the intra-cultural and extra-cultural currents of thought in Iran, two types of committed lyric poetry, community-oriented and postmodern lyric poetry, and sometimes deconstructed linguistic lyric poetry, had the largest share. Women's lyric poetry, like Nimai's free verses, had found the opportunity to express feminine emotions, and the lyric poetry, entered into various currents and polyphonic from the classical and monophonic state. The study of women's lyric poetry in the late hundred years meant the hundred-year sociological study of women's poetry and, consequently, Iranian society.

The research aimed to study the Arab women’s behavior of consumption on the shopping of Eid al-Fitr ritual by phenomenological methodology. The statistical population consisted of all the Arab women living in Khouzestan province. The sample included 13 Arab women, which were saturated by the interviews. The research design was qualitative with the Van Mannen method on the interpretive paradigm basis. The data were analyzed using the phenomenological strategy via semi-structured interviews. The analysis was carried out after the sample saturation and exploration of main and secondary themes. The results ended to four main themes including: “meaning and concept of the phenomenon of Eid al-Fitr and the shopping of Eid al-Fitr in the family, role, and process of shopping for Eid al-Fitr in families, necessities and challenges of shopping for Eid al-Fitr and effects and consequences of shopping for Eid al-Fitr in families. "The most important conclusion of the study was semantic and identities overlap for the Eid al-Fitr phenomenon and shopping before Eid al-Fitr among the studied population. The indicative essence of the overlap included in the religious approach, to complying the religious duty and also ritual concept and being a tradition along with the ethnic ceremony.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of contemporary Iranian and Palestinian poetesses in the persistence and resistance literature. The research universe included all the works of contemporary Iranian and Palestinian poetesses. The research sample subsumed the persistence and resistance literature of poetesses. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The data was obtained through library method and taking notes on index cards and based on pieces of poems by poetesses of Iran and Palestine. The issue of resistance and persistence was investigated and analyzed with themes such as struggle, patriotism, resistance and persistence, hostility toward enemy, martyr and martyrdom, etc. Findings showed that: the poetesses, by being influenced by the society circumstances and the consequences of political, social, cultural, etc. themes in their poems, had been able to obtain new experiences and achievements. And the result was the influential presence of contemporary poetesses, alongside with men combatants in the stronghold of poem and poetry in the field of resistance and persistence. Some elements of resistance and persistence in the poetry of Iranian and Palestinian women showed that they were able to play a wide and important role in their society through literature and poetry, and through it, to address the important issues of their country. The poems of Iranian and Palestinian female poets were considered as emotional and roaring themes of resistance and stability. The poets of both countries have considered their homeland dear and have also expressed their religious manifestations in their love for their homeland.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the model of marital life quality through equity perception, and daily spiritual experiences mediated by self-differentiation among married female teachers of elementary schools in Ahvaz. The statistical population included married female teachers of elementary schools in Ahvaz. The samples subsumed 200 participants whom were selected by multi-phase random sampling. The research was designed as correlational of structural equations type. To collect data Marital Quality Index (Nortoon, 1983), Measurement of Equity Perception (Perry, 2004), Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (Alipour et al., 2016) and Self-Determination Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998) were implemented. To analyze data structural equations analysis was applied. The results indicated that equity perception and daily spiritual experiences had direct significant impact on marital life quality. The findings also showed that equity perception and daily spiritual experiences had indirect significant impact on marital life quality through self-differentiation among married female teachers of elementary schools in Ahvaz. The evaluated model had an optimal goodness of fit.

The purpose of this research was to study spousal abuse against women and strategies to prevent it based on social theories. The study population consisted of all juridical laws related to abused women. The research sample included Family Protection Law on women who were abused by their husbands. The research design was descriptive-analytical, and data collection was carried out through documents and libraries. All available sources including books, articles, and digital data, also were used. Data were reviewed by analytical method. The results showed that the current laws, including the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 and the Family Protection Law adopted in 1391 have not taken steps to differentiate criminal protection of the wife, and the wife in this law was deprived of similar criminal protection to the husband. Also, the legislative criminal policy, in ignoring some harmful behaviors against the wife, such as non-payment of dowry, domestic violence, sexual violence, and violence, required a serious review through special criminalization and the intensification of the husband's punishment; because the factor of kinship is one of the aggravating factors in crimes against the physical integrity in crimes in the field of family.