نشریه دولت پژوهی ایران معاصر
سال هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

In addition to viewing other scholars’ opinions on the concept of politics, this study involved two views and perceptions of the issue including Schmidt's antagonistic political subject and Mouffe's agonistic political matter. Both theorists seem to agree on the concept of politics and its nature; however, the way they look at politics distinguishes their opinions. Accordingly, one can ask how Schmidt and Mouffe define politics differently. In line with the question, this research is intended to study the views of Mouffe and Schmidt through a descriptive-analytical method. Schmidt seems to define politics in terms of the distinction between friends and enemies. He believes that what matters is the distinction between friend and foe. For this reason, Schmidt believes that politics is nonsense when there is no hostility. Consequently, politics is the ultimate border of antagonism (hostility) in Schmidt's view. Mouffe, on the other hand, bases politics on agony and seeks to turn aggression into opposition. For Mouffe, an opponent is a rival whose presence is legitimate and must be considered. If there should be a struggle, it must be a against rival ideas and not an attempt to eliminate them. The results of this research indicated that the discourse of the revolution is a new expression of the government in the world of politics; a discourse which considers the principle of independence in the field of theory and practice from the imported ideas. It considers the case not as a conflict or competition, but as a principle of maintaining independence of the state or sovereignty structure and centers religious democracy in internal affairs. Thus, in Schmidt's view, the state derives its legitimacy through fighting, confrontation and conflict; while in Schmitt’s view, it derives its legitimacy from the democratic process. however, the discourse of the Islamic Revolution regards government to gain its legitimacy from people and religion; a discourse centered on religious democracy in society

This research is intended to analyze Bahrain February 14 movement on the basis of the "pathology model of the Islamic awakening from the view of the Supreme Leader”. Focusing on the ideas and statements of the Supreme Leader, the researchers identified the effective components on the pathology of Islamic awakening movements by considering the elements of the success of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. This is a descriptive-analytical study whose data were collected by library method and interviews with elites. The results indicated that by adopting the six axes of pathology derived from this model, including the harms and internal dangers to " leadership and elite network", " "Ideology", "people", and external harms containing three strategies of "opportunism tricks", "incorrect alternatives" and "disappointing people and making the revolutionary people regretful with the February 14 movement", contain the main reasons why the movement has been prolonged. In this way, weakness of the leadership axis, as one of the internal harms, has intensified other internal harms, and has intensified the external troubles by the involvement of international and regional actors such as the United States and Saudi Arabia. Finally, the results of the research indicated that the internal damage of ideology and the external pressure to despair people and make them regret for the victory of the movement have had the least degree of relevance to the mentioned model

The destiny of most countries of the world, especially Iran, has depended on the fate of their villages in all eras of their history. This research aims at using indicators of the economic freedom, including command of law, limited governments, effectiveness of rules, market freedom, and the political freedom including civil freedom, political rights and freedom of the press, the variables of the quality of governance and personal freedom and the impact of personal freedom on human development in the theory of "development as freedom" using a panel data approach with an emphasis on political and personal freedom. It is worth mentioning that to the extent we pay attention to formulating development plans, especially in terms of the feasibility and implementation of a proper understanding and analysis of the conditions of Iranian society, we need, as much and perhaps more, a proper analysis and adaptation to the foreign and international conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate categories such as political freedom, economic freedom, equality of opportunity and public participation in the objectives of five programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran through an analytical and descriptive approach based on the theoretical framework of Amartya Sen. Accordingly, the main research question concerns the relationship between the components of development as freedom, and the macro goals of Iran's five development programs. The indicators of the quality of life and individual and social freedom developed by Amartya Sen's are not significantly related to the goals of these programs, and the restrictions on individual freedom, social freedom and political freedom may lead to reverse outcomes. Iran's development programs after the Islamic Revolution, as freedom, have been applied to improve social life.

Terrorist groups are types of non-governmental entities which are the product of the postmodern era of international relations. They have been formed in the postmodern era due to factors such as thoughtlessness and non-spirituality of this era, identity crisis, the anarchist nature of the world system, crisis in knowledge and relativity, humiliation caused by postmodernism and the like.  The product of the 21st century, ISIS is one of the most significant terrorist groups created by all of the above factors. Developed in a region full of contradictions and problems of the Middle East, Daesh claims to rule and govern according to its predecessors, and threatens the security of the countries in the region directly and indirectly. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the major countries in the region, faces the greatest conflict with this terrorist group, intellectually, ideologically and in terms of defining its interests. Hence, the emergence and processes of the formation of ISIS in the region and its effects on the definition of security by the Islamic Republic of Iran, can be regarded as the main question involved in this research. Therefore, resorting to analytical and documentary-library methods, this research is intended to discuss how this group was formed and how it affected the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This study is intended to investigate the procedure of economic development in South Korea in the 1960s to 1990s and the role of private grand companies such as Chaebols in it. The research follows a qualitative-analytical method which employs reviewing documents, secondary sources and analysis of existing scientific texts for collecting data. This study aims at investigating the causes of South Korea's economic development in the framework of Lefkovitch model of development-oriented governance. The findings indicated that South Korea's economic progress was due to the emergence of developmentalist elites, relative independence of government, strong bureaucracy, weak civil society, consolidation of government power before the rise of capitalists and favorable international conditions. This was achieved by full support of the government of Chaebols. However, eventually the South Korean economy encountered a crisis due to the lack of government oversight and control over these institutions, and the government was forced to make structural and economic reforms. The experience of the development-oriented government of South Korea in using the Chaebols to advance the economy in this country can be a suitable guide for the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of cooperative economy.

Rahian Noor, the greatest cultural flow in Iran, contains one of the most popular cultural arenas in the country with positive effects on public culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and one of the most effective ways to counter the soft war of the enemy, and application of the rich wealth and strong source of the Holy Defense. Introducing tourism, spiritual tourism, black tourism, war tourism and Rahian Noor, this study deals with the role of various biographical, spiritual, religious, professional, and managerial characteristics of commanders and martyrs in scoring the great figure of the revolution and training of heroes and honorable people like Sardar Ghasem Soleimani and the way they stood up against domestic tyranny, colonialism and foreign exploitation before and after the revolution, creation of a great movement. During the eight years of holy defense, they developed the spirit of resistance, Jihad and martyrdom in the spirit of society, from the center of the country to the most remote villages. This loyal, brave, intelligent and fine young general illustrated the revolution as a good movement after forty years, and went on the path of perfection, and finally received the honor of establishing a school named after him by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. After his martyrdom, his holy shrine become a new destination of the Rahian Noor.