فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 43 (بهار 1400)

Human presence in urban places means connection to collective existence and the space perceived by them is the result of a discourse between mind and society. Therefore, the quality of interactions resulting from the qualities of place proposed in the West, with the mental qualities in the Islamic approach, will not be effective in expressing the facts of human interactions with place. Therefore, the present study aims to achieve a model of place quality in the Iranian-Islamic city and in accordance with the Islamic school and thought seeks to answer the questions that what are the components affecting the meaning of place from the point of view of the Iranian-Islamic city? What are the necessary qualities to create an Iranian-Islamic urban place? What is the quality model of the place in the Iranian-Islamic city? In order to achieve the purpose of the research and answer the mentioned questions, qualitative methodology and content analysis strategy have been discussed in a descriptive-analytical process and content analysis of relevant resources in the field of Iranian-Islamic city. The model of place quality in the present study is based on the theory of phenomenal originality of meaning based on the idea that the place form is the most basic level of human interaction with the environment. Also, it has a completely tangible and physical nature and can be considered an object independent of human presence and knowledge. Human knowledge of the environment and the emergence of new concepts following the human presence in the environment, will provide the context for the emergence of the content of the place. For this reason, place and the meaning of place in the present study are considered to have two “subjective components” and “objective components”, which are inseparable in the content of place. According to the research results, the subjective component includes three components “perceptual”, “social” and “managerial” and the objective component has three components “function”, “shape” and “nature”. These components include a total of 52 qualities of places that make the model of quality of Iranian-Islamic city and can be considered in planning, design, management and decision-making and evaluation of the quality of Iranian-Islamic urban places.

Due to the high vulnerability of deteriorated urban areas, a systematic precaution is needed to provide features and components of an effective pattern for disaster management in these areas that clarify the dimensions of decision-making in earthquake risk management in them. The purpose of this research is to investigate the dimensions and components of an appropriate disaster management pattern in deteriorated urban areas in order to control and reduce the damage caused by the earthquake in the period before its occurrence (prevention stage) in deteriorated urban areas in Tehran. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and because it tries to establish a relationship between the dimensions and components of earthquake disaster management in deteriorated urban areas, it is exploratory. After identifying the dimensions and components of the disaster management pattern in deteriorated areas in documentary studies (theoretical foundations, Iranian and global experiences). It has been accurate and prioritized by referring to experts and proprietors. In the next step, the coefficient of significance of each component is specified and the results of the questionnaires evaluated and validated in content by using the PLS software. The results of the research show that in the field of disaster management in the deteriorated urban areas of Tehran. It is necessary to have a risk management and pre-thinking and pre- disaster management view before looking at the disaster management with a post- disaster view in these areas. In the pre-disaster stage, attention to different dimensions and considering the effective components of each of these dimensions in disaster management (social and cultural, physical-environmental, economic, structural and managerial, legal- rule and infrastructures dimensions) in deteriorated urban areas and their application can ultimately lead to decreasing vulnerability and promoting the resilience of these area in the face of various events, including the earthquakes.

With the development of industry and the invention of cars, the walkability has lost its pivotal role in the design of urban spaces, and this has caused the spatial quality of public areas and sidewalks to be reduced compared to before. It seems that investigating examples of existing urban spaces that are still attracting the Pedestrian population in field of walkability quality and investigation of the relationship between these components, provides the community with appropriate models for improving walkable neighborhoods. This research seeks to answer the question of which of the factors has caused the attraction of the pedestrian population in this neighborhood as a case study of this research. The aim of this study has been to investigate the walkability criteria in Sang-tarash-ha neighborhood by descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire for simple image sampling. Quantitative analysis of the questionnaire data as well as qualitative conversion into quantitative components has been done by SPSS software. Concurrent by testing the research hypothesis, the degree of correlation and relationship between components has been investigated by Pearson and Regression tests. The results show that, there is a linear relationship between walkability components other than urban self-reliance. In terms of quality, the component of providing security and safety had the highest-grade point average among the walkability components so it can be concluded that attention to pedestrian security and safety in the physical design of the streets of this neighborhood is the greatest factor of the strong presence of pedestrians during the years of life of this area.

The universe is made up of living and non-living beings. Based on its capacity, each of them has a level of life. Human creations, because of the change or stability in the conditions of matter, make it possible discover or create and have the ability to create levels of life. The builders’ attempt to create works and structures which is somewhat close to these characteristics. Characteristics in which the sense of vitality, kindness and other qualitative components are strengthened. Therefore, the research emerges to ask such questions; which classification can be considered in relation to the levels of life in constructions? How has the spatial quality of traditional houses in Yazd achieved success with the presence of life components? The present article seeks to present or propose the concept of life classification in structures in which more properly is expressed the values and characteristics related to the life of structures. Therefore, it seems that this feature is more recognizable in traditional cities. In order to understand it precisely with reference to the historical texture of Yazd city, the patterns of the central courtyard houses, sunken garden and garden house are selected and classified. The research is based on analytical and descriptive method along with documentary and field data collection. Also, in a precise framework, all datas are collected and analyzed based on the principle of induction, and summarized the document. The result shows that, in the traditional houses of Yazd, six general systems related to the category of life can be identified. Life as an empirical thing exists in all beings. It looks like metaphorical, energical, biological, and Spiritual aspects. Finally life as an inspiring idea forms the structure of the research.

The central courtyard is one of the ancient and valuable models of Iranian climatic architecture and as a physical element in organizing the structure of the space of traditional houses has responded to various dimensions of biological, social and cultural needs. The geometry of the central courtyard (shape and proportions) as the main design feature always affects the performance of the amount of radiated energy absorbed, suitable thermal comfort conditions, and the pattern of air flow movement. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the relationship between yard proportions and airflow pattern in traditional Shushtar houses. In order to achieve more accurate findings in the existing buildings, Nanaee, Rezvan, Aminzadeh, and Baghal houses were selected as the studied samples in a historical period, with minimal intervention in their spatial structure. The research method of this research is a hybrid method due to its interdisciplinary nature. Firstly, the initial observations, using the experimental strategy, the independent variables (shape, proportions) of the yards are identified and the dependent variables (wind flow velocity) have been measured by using digital anemometer device. Secondly, Anemometers are measured. In order to study the data more accurately, the simulation of this research is performed by CFD computational fluid dynamics method by using Design Modeler and Fluent software. Finally, the air flow inside the yards is analyzed. The results show that houses with four-sided construction yards with length to widths of 1.08 and 1.2 have the most favorable air flow distribution conditions and three-sided construction yards with lengths of 1.01 and 1.13 width in terms of uniform air flow distribution suffer .They enjoy unfavorable conditions in the hot seasons of the year in Shushtar. Changes in the proportions and geometric pattern of the yards have affected the air quality conditions and thermal comfort conditions of the residents.

The history of popular architecture of Iran has rarely been a subject of academic inquiry. During transitional period of modernity (from late Qajar dynasty to the early Pahlavi era) some small commercial complexes emerged in larger cities of Iran that were largely distinct from traditional elements of Bazaars specially Tymchehs, but they were not completely copied from European examples. Here through interpretative-historical research method and based upon original documents and contextual reasoning, the roots of emerging of such mediatory commercial architectural patterns are studied. Three foreign patterns are discussed as model for these commercial examples: Badestens of Ottomans, Russian passages and Parisian arcades. Other than some internal factors are also analyzed and amongst them are demolition of houses for new street, conflicts of Reza Shah with bazaar merchants, the role of travelers to the West, the impact of new architectural technologies and the extension of traditional architectural patterns. The effectiveness of every factor is studied and documented for the examples of the city of Qom.