فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 82 (پاییز 1400)

Public health expenditures are one of the important factors in improving health status. Considering the importance of health status in promoting human development indicators and consequently increasing social welfare as well as the impact of institutional and social factors on social welfare status, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of public health expenditures and the quality of democracy on social welfare in countries with high human development index.

This descriptive-analytical and applied study was performed by Panel data with Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) estimator for the years 2000-2019 in 2021. The statistical population was 39 countries with a high human development index and the annual time series data were extracted from the databases of the World Bank, the International Country Risk Guide and the United Nations. The models and required tests were estimated in Stata 16 software.

The mean of human development index for all sample countries during the period was 0.70 ± 0.04, for Iran was 0.73 ± 0.04 and the mean of Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index for all sample countries was to 0.58 ± 0.06 and for Iran was equal to 0.56 ± 0.08. The variables of public health expenditures to GDP, GDP logarithm, Openness and democracy index had a positive effect of 0.26, 9.02, 0.08 and 0.17% on the human development index, respectively. Also, the variables of public health expenditures to GDP, Democracy index and the product of public health expenditures to GDP and democracy index had a positive effect of 0.34, 0.09 and 0.15% on the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, respectively.

Inequality in human development in Iran was higher than other countries with high human development index, and public health expenditures and the quality of democracy had a positive effect on social welfare. Improving the quality of democracy also increased the efficiency of public health spending on social welfare; therefore, policies to increase public health expenditures are proposed in order to more invest in infrastructure and increase the level of health services in different regions to eliminate inequality, improve and upgrade health technologies that depend on public expenditures. It is also proposed to increase government transparency and accountability to the people in order to increase social welfare and increase the efficiency of health expenditures.

 With the development of health and well-being in the contemporary world and the increase in life expectancy resulting from it, the issue of aging has become a significant social issue in many countries. As a result of such circumstances, the adoption of effective policies in the field of aging has become more important and necessary. The present study seeks to compare the aging policies of Iran and Sweden.

 For this purpose, the most important documents and aging policies of the two countries were read, and based on these policies, four key axes in the field of aging policy were extracted, which are: public/private support, material / spiritual support, Support based on passivity / elderly intervention, support based on socialism/individualism.

 The results of policy comparison showed that the policies of the elderly in Iran and Sweden in the first three axes have a significant similarity so that the policies of both countries are generally government-oriented (first axis), based on material support. (Second axis) and had a more passive approach to the elderly (third axis). But the comparison in the fourth axis showed that Iran's policies are more individualistic and in Sweden generally have a socialist nature.

 In general, considering the similarity of the general lines of aging policies in Iran and Sweden and their significant differences in terms of the general welfare of the elderly, it can be concluded that aging issues in Iran are more related to the nature of policies. How policies are implemented is relevant.

Legal protection of the rights of the disabled in Iran has been considered by the governmental and non-governmental sectors over the past two decades. In this study, we have examined the common medical, social and ethical approaches related to disability in the text of the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in 1396. We have also tried to analyze the discourses involved in this law.

Using Norman Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis, the text of the law and the interviews of the people involved in its compilation have been analyzed in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. First, we set up a handbook of Norman Fairclough concepts. Then we extract the words and phrases related to Fairclough concepts and three levels of discourse analysis from the text of the law and interviews and put them in another table. The second table shows the relationship between the three grammatical and semantic sections, textual or discourse vision, and ideological or structural structure in the research findings.

We have examined the information extracted from the text of the law and the interviews in three sections: linguistics and semantics, textual or discourse, structural and ideological. This study shows the presence and competition of government discourses, legislation, the private sector and civic activity, and their unequal role in lawmaking. In fact, government discourse has played a completely dominant role. Academic discourse has been absent in the process, and private sector discourse has had a hidden but active activity.

As a result of the mentioned discourse order, the change of the social purpose of law-making to subsistence and support is evident. This leaves most of the social issues of disability without legal or ambiguous support and through the reproduction of cultural and social concepts and relations of medical and rehabilitation approach, causes the continuation and intensification of disability of disabled people in Iran.

Health literacy and social commitment are effective factors in self-care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health literacy and social commitment with health self-care during the coronavirus epidemic.

The method of the present study was cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study included all Iranians aged 15 to 64 years in February and March 2021. 447 people were selected by the available sampling method. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v16 and ArcMap GIS 10.5 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression statistical tests.

The results of Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there is a significant relationship between health literacy (r = 0.377, P = 0.000) and social commitment (r = 0.311, P = 0.000) with health self-care. The results of the regression analysis test also showed that health literacy and social commitment predict 18% of changes in health self-care behaviors.

Since health literacy and social commitment can be taught it is recommended for health policymakers and public education providers to promote health self-care during the coronavirus epidemic, focus on these variables.

One of the important goals of the health system in any country is to ensure, maintain and promote the health and quality of life of all members of society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social support on social health (Case study: welfare clients of Nowshahr city) in 1399

This research has been done using a survey method and a questionnaire. The study population consisted of welfare clients aged 18 to 60 years living in Nowshahr. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, 350 people and were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method.

To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and structural equation analysis with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. In this study, using inferential statistics, the relationship between social support variables, emotional dimension of social support, instrumental dimension of social support and information dimension of social support with the dependent variable of the study, social health was measured and the relationship of all variables was confirmed

 The results showed that these variables of social support, emotional dimension of social support, instrumental dimension of social support and information dimension of social support have a significant
relationship with the dependent variable of research, social health. Using Amos25 software and drawing the model, the amount of dependent variable changes was explained by independent variables

This study investigates Three preventive methods (training via life skills, film, poster and catalogue) on changing students' attitude towards drug abuse in male students of high school in Shahr-e-cord.

The research was a semiexperimental and pre-test-posttest with control group. The statistical population consisted 5978 students and 213 classroom. 60 of them were selected by random sampling method and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (N = 45 ) and control (n = 15). For each of the experimental groups, 10 training sessions of 80 minutes were performed but the control group did not receive any training The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed and the reliability changing Students' attitude towards drug abuse questionnaire was 0.92. Data analysis was performed in two levels pre-test and post-test statistics using SPSS22 software by (ANCOVA) .

According to covariance analysis, among preventive methods, training life skills and training via film have significant effects than training by poster and catalogue.

Education through posters and catalogues has not had a severe impact on changing students’ attitudes due to indirect transmission and lack of serious interaction between instructor and instructor. Therefore, cultural institutions try to change the attitudes of students and their families by teaching life skills and purposeful documentaries.

Higher mental health literacy is related to many desirable mental health outcomes. Most studies, however, have focused on disease-oriented MHL and have not investigated positive MHL (PMHL) i.e. understanding how to maintain and improve one's mental health. This study aimed to translate a measure of PMHL named Mental Health Positive Knowledge (MHPK) to Persian and check its psychometric properties.

The translation and cultural adaptation process was performed according to Beaton et al. Any Iranian individual with a minimum age of 15 years, literacy for reading and writing, and basic internet skills could be included using a convenient method of sampling. Face and content validity were assessed by qualitative methods. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate construct and convergent validity. The split-half method and internal consistency were examined as reliability measures.

Forward and backward translations and expert panel session were used. To investigate psychometric properties a total of 1606 individuals with a mean age of 29.9 years (SD = 9.14) were recruited; 176 participants were below 18. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a construct compatible with the original version. Cronbach's alfa of 0.81 and Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.79 were measured as reliability indices. The final version contains 1 factor and 10 items and average MHPK score was 4.21 (SD = 0.72).

Using the MHPK questionnaire which is a measure of positive mental health literacy (PMHL) can improve MHL investigations and can help to evaluate mental health educational interventions. This study showed that the Persian MHPK is a valid and reliable measure of PMHL for literate individuals with an age of 15 years and higher.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model for proper interaction between charities and the Imam Khomeini Committee.

The method of this research is qualitative and Delphi. It is a group and it answers the question of what can / should be? Thus, in order to reach an agreement and theoretical consensus of experts regarding the ways and manner of interaction between the Imam Khomeini committee and charities, the statistical population of the study Were formed from (23 people) of individuals (managers and experts, university professors) in charities and the Imam Khomeini Committee.

There are many differences between charitable modeling and service delivery and relief committee; The variety of projects in charities, unlike relief, is very small, charities, especially well-known organizations in specialized work; They have high management.

the existing fields and conditions; Meeting the needs of the deprived, working in parallel with aid agencies and charities, reducing people's trust in government organizations, increasing the number of clients and referring to charities and the relief committee can be considered for interaction between the relief committee and charities. The most important strategies by charities; Trust in the Committee / Creating empathy and participation / Chain and specialized work of institutions / Alignment in line with the goals of the Committee to alleviate poverty and reduce the needy / Unification of databases / And in the Imam Committee: Empathy and communication between managers and staff / Networking / Transparency and Sunni Online, which ultimately leads to charities; Increase self-efficacy, increase influence among the people, and in the relief committee, as a promoter and policymaker / community, realistically monitor and present a comprehensive poverty map, which will surely reduce poverty and the damage caused by it.

Social capital is a complex and multi-dimensional construct and concept, and it implies to a phenomenon that the main source of its creation is the sphere of social interaction. Social capital can be considered as the sources that has been created as a result of social relationships in the past, and at the present time, it facilitates collective action. In this study, we seek to describe the status of social capital, based on the four main constituent components: social trust, social relations network, social participation and social norms in Iran, in 2014-2015 (1393). This research is a quantitative-descriptive study that was conducted through survey and questionnaire tools in a cross-sectional study in December 2014 and January 2015 (Azar and Dey 1393). The population of the study includes people aged 15 years and older living in urban and rural areas of Iran. In this research, by systematic random sampling and cluster sampling, 37,200 people were selected as sample from all over Iran. The findings showed that the people of Iran have more trusting to the individuals and groups closest to themselves; are more participation in the collective activities of these groups; and if needed, they provide more social support to these people. We can conclude from this study that the status of bonding social capital (within a group) and bridging social capital (between groups) in Iran is different and people have more bonding social capital than bridging social capital.