نشریه نظریه های اجتماعی متفکران مسلمان
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 21، تابستان 1400)

At some point in history, Indonesia has faced a crisis of violent clashes between followers of different religions and ethnicities, sometimes leading to the death and displacement of significant numbers of citizens. As one of Indonesia's leading cultural elite and thinkers Dr. Nurcholish Madjid has tried to find a way out of this crisis.This article intends to study and analyze his intellectual experience on religious pluralism with a library and descriptive-analytical method to review his plan, which has been formed by using Islamic principles as well as modern values, and its goal is to end the conflict and realization of peaceful coexistence in Indonesia.This research first examines the historical context of the confrontation and challenge between the followers of religions and sects, especially Muslims and Christians, then, while stating the purpose of Nurcholish Madjid from the religious pluralism idea, deals with the main principles and components of this plan and in the end will analyze and critique these views.

The question of what is the concept of national temperament and character and its dimensions and characteristics and the factors influencing the development of personality and temperament of nations and therefore how it affects the fate of societies and their development and underdevelopment are always in the focus of social science studies and researchers The field has been historical sociology and anthropology. The subject of this research is the study of the concept of temperament and its dimensions and characteristics and why the temperamental differences between nations with each other from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun. The purpose of this research is to analyze the thoughts of Muslim social thinkers about the concept of creation. In this research, an attempt has been made to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach and to use the method of documentary study while referring to Ibn Khaldun's book "Introduction" to express his views in this regard. According to Ibn Khaldun, geographical and natural factors, social factors such as laws and lived experiences, structures and social relations and type of education and economic factors and lifestyle play an important role in the development of personality and the formation of temperaments of different societies. It seems that re-reading the texts of Muslim social thinkers and its methodical critique and study will lead to the development and expansion of social science knowledge and the opening of newer horizons in this field.

the islamic feature of islamic revolution in iran which indicates the cross - border of religious belief is reflection of its effects in the world and other muslim countries in the west asia in different layers ; a prominent example of which is the support of palestine with the aim of reviving the identity of the palestinian state . this investigation is considered by examining the subjects of the islamic system in order to realize that the liberation of Palestine from the yoke of Zionism in modern modern geometry is central to the thought of islamic revolution leaders . the aim of this paper is to explain and analyze the performance (ا and programs) that are based on the thought of the leaders of the islamic revolution of iran and the aim of supporting and achieving the cause of resistance and sovereignty of the Palestinian people . the results of the study are based on the principles and nature of islam in confronting the enemy (rule of سبیل) and the necessity of supporting the oppressed with regard to the economic , material , geographical and defensive capacities and the necessity of supporting it in the new world geometry with the decline of the American and Israeli powers … which is expressed in qualitative method and descriptive - analytical technique .

The study of different types of government and common rights is one of the most important issues in the field of public law and related to other sciences, including political and social sciences.Due to the need to re-read, analyze and introduce the social and political theories of Muslim thinkers, the purpose of this article is to explain the views of Allameh Naeini as one of the influential religious figures in the constitutional revolution on common rights and types of government.The research method is document mining. By referring to Naini's works and writings, this important question was examined in a descriptive-analytical way: 1. What are the types of government in terms of Naini and what is the function of each? 2. In Na'ini socio-political thought, what is common rights and its examples can be realized in which government?The result of the article is that: Naini, by writing the book "Tanbih al-Ummah and Tanzih al-Mellah" and by proposing a kind of common rights, presented a religious expression of freedom and democracy in the Shiite school and sought to take a fundamental position in jurisprudence and politics. His view is that in the provincial government, common rights are given some attention and two important principles are realized in this government, namely freedom and equality, and the two pillars that establish and maintain the constitutional government and the National Assembly.

The religion of Islam is the last and most complete divine religion and has different approaches to secular approaches in dealing with issues. For example, Islam's approach to the issue of evil differs from its secular confrontation, although there are similarities in some respects. The author seeks to find the answer to the question: what is the difference and similarity between Shahid Motahari's reading (as an Islamic approach) of the Corona issue as evil, and Max Weber's reading (as a secular view)? . In this research, the required data have been obtained through a library survey and the data have been analyzed by comparative method to achieve the similarities and differences between the approach of Shahid Motahhari and Max Weber from evil with emphasis on Corona. The results of the present study are as follows: Martyr Motahhari believes that evil does not have an actor, but in Max Weber's view, evil has an actor like good, and by proposing his theory of rationality, seeks to give meaning to life and justify suffering through religion. From the point of view of Martyr Motahhari, the wicked are part of the integrated system of the universe, while from the point of view of Max Weber, suffering disturbs meaning. According to the available evidence in the context of the prevalence of coronation in the world and also according to the available sources, the theory of Martyr Motahhari is more successful in justifying evil.

This article has been done in the field of the place of critical thinking in Allameh Tabatabai's educational philosophical thoughts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dimensions and components of critical thinking and its effects on the education process and to provide implicit educational implications for use in the Iranian education system. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research community includes all published documents related to Allameh Tabatabai's philosophical-educational ideas in the existing databases; Forms. The method of data collection is library and in the form of analytical activities, summary and presentation of data and conclusions have been analyzed and also in order to extract implicit educational implications, semiotic method has been used. The results show that the components and dimensions of critical thinking from Allameh Tabatabai's point of view include: attention to moral education, questioning and discussion, learning science, self-purification, logical reasoning to prove facts, freedom and authority in criticism. And the study of opinions is Tolerance in the face of problems and issues, rationality and rationality, liberation from ignorance and discovery of facts, and reaching monotheism and nearness to God. Educational implications of the place of critical thinking in the process of education from Allameh's point of view also included various elements of education, including the content of the curriculum, teaching, and the characteristics of the teacher, which, although presented in the context of Islamic thought; In many ways, they are in line with contemporary critical thinking in the West.

The purpose of this study is to identify cultural identity based on Ayatollah Khamenei. Because the recognition of cultural identity is one of the issues that play an important role in the cultural and social cohesion of a society. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to extract this concept by analyzing the words and statements of the Leader of the Islamic Republic.This research is qualitative and descriptive-exploratory. The method that is used is thematic analysis with thematic network technique. And the data analyzed in this method are collected using document analysis technique. The sampling in this study is qualitative and of the purposeful sampling type. It has been analyzed by NVivo 10 quality research software. The results show that cultural identity based on the perspective of the Supreme Leader can be the following aspects:-aspect of WHY(religion, moral values and Islamic religious values)-aspect of WHAT(support for the underprivileged, ideology, the focus of Islam( -aspect of HOW(task-oriented, independence, elites and protection of the nature of the revolution).

This study entitled "Pioneers Sociology of Childhood in Iran: Motahhari, Shariati, Philosophical" seeks to identify the first ideas about social and cultural analysis of children and childhood in Iran.The method of this research is document analysis. The results show that despite the philosophical ideas of thinkers who have discussed the child and childhood, based on currents and Social and cultural events of Iranian society, especially the challenges of religious scholars with the secularization programs of the Pahlavi government, such as Motahhari, Shariati and Falsafi started a sociological view (based on social and cultural contexts) on children and childhood in Iran. All three thinkers envision an ideal society in their own intellectual space, the most important feature of which is an Islamic religious society centered on Shiism. The necessity of such a society, in their view, is the existence of activists with a Shiite religious character and spirit. Therefore, children, in their view, are potential actors for the ideal society that should be prepared with religious education. For this reason, according to all three thinkers, the most important structure in today's society is the education system; The most important actors in today's society are children; The most important specialists in the current society are scholars and religious specialists and the most important roles in the current society are the role of parents, educators and teachers as the main forces in educating children.