نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1400)

Degradation of the country's forest resources and natural pastures has various factors and has adverse ecological, economic, social and political consequences. The main purpose of this article is to explain the degradation of Iran's forest resources from the perspective of the concept of resources in a relational approach by relying on documentary information and local studies and to answer the question that from the perspective of the concept of resources in the relational approach. What are the factors affecting the destruction of the country's natural forest resources? From the set of research findings, it is inferred that in the social context under discussion, the combination of resources has had interactions that have led the use of material resources towards the use of resources in the traditional system. In the context of the study population, the interactions of natural resources, knowledge, power and social capital have been in a way that can be acknowledged. Sophisticated complex, creative and innovative interactions have no place.

Gilan province has 238,000 hectares of paddy lands. an average of 1.29 tons’ straw remains per hectare in the harvest stage and 1.2 tons of husk, bran, etc. in the conversion stage as waste. Some of this waste is sent to other provinces at a low price. The other part is used for animal feed without processing and the rest is left in nature and pollutes the environment, while it can be a good opportunity to develop entrepreneurship and improve the situation of rice waste management. For optimal use from these wastes and improving the situation of rice waste management, it is necessary to identify the effective factors in the development of rice waste entrepreneurship. so the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship with rice waste recycling. The statistical population of the study is 191 thousand rice farmers who were selected as a sample using Morgan table. The research method is descriptive and quantitative. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, the opinion of experts was used and to measure reliability was used Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.89). Path analysis and correlation techniques were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the factors of production factor and product characteristics with a coefficient of 0.1 Socio-cultural variables with a coefficient of 0.5, environmental protection with a coefficient of 0.081 and waste management with a coefficient of 0.026 are the most important variables explaining the dependent variable. According to the research findings, by improving the level of education, creating a waste entrepreneurship organization, etc., it is possible to increase income, create employment, protect the environment, and create and strengthen rice waste entrepreneurship in the region.

Today, based on accurate scientific methods in agriculture, it is possible to achieve principled and comprehensive opportunities by recognizing the challenges of each region. Considering that saffron is considered as the most valuable agricultural and medicinal product in the world, by recognizing the challenges and opportunities ahead in its production, it is possible to provide quite favorable conditions in the life of rural households living in favorable areas for the production of this product. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and opportunities ahead for saffron production in rural households in Rasht. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of economic, social, environmental and physical indicators were determined in accordance with the conditions of the studied villages. Data collection in sample villages and households was done based on selected indicators and through a questionnaire. Field studies have been conducted at both village and household levels. In this regard, the status of challenges and opportunities in the production of saffron in 355 households living in 26 villages of this district were examined. Spatial and statistical analyzes and ArcGIS and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The research findings confirm that opportunities and challenges are individually and sequentially categorized into four dimensions (environmental, economic, social, physical-spatial), which shows that in the discussion of the challenge The environmental dimension with (29.21) percent of the special amount is considered as the most important challenge and in the discussion of opportunities, the economic dimension with (49.58) percent of the special amount is considered as the most important opportunity in Rashtkhar rural district. Becomes.

Fundamental changes in tourism and the need for new economic thinking have pushed tourism towards creativity. Experts believe that the sustainability of tourism is in creative tourism. Therefore, in order to develop this approach in rural areas, capacity measurement based on creative tourism indicators is necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capacity of creative tourism indicators in rural areas as a case study in the villages of Dezpart County. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey studies using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of residents of three tourist villages of Shivand, Dehno and Faleh, which amounted to 1463 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was 304 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.81. The results of the creative tourism indicators test showed that all indicators were significant at the level of less than 0.05. The study of the average difference equal to 0.139 confirms that the rural areas of Dezpart have significant talent and capacities in terms of creative tourism indicators. Also, the test result at the level of indicators indicates that indicators of education (-0.861), local participation (-0.358), innovation and initiative (-0.348), communication technology (-0.960), services and Facilities (-0.618) and suitable infrastructure (-0.09) have a negative average difference and this indicates that these indicators have an unfavorable situation in the studied rural areas. Regression confirmed that more than 74% of the studied indicators can explain the variable of creative tourism development in the studied rural areas, while the handicrafts index with 10% and the participation index with 8% have the highest rate of explanation in the field of creative tourism.

Tourism can be considered as a special activity in the modern and postmodern era, which has the potential of significant capacity building in tourist spaces. In this regard, the present study has been compiled with the aim of explaining the system of distribution of tourism benefits in rural settlements of Rezvanshahr city. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The studied geographical area includes rural settlements in Rezvanshahr area. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, three types of villages (plain, coastal and foothills) were identified. Data needed to analyze and answer questions of achievement in the local community, from semi-structured interviews with four groups of villagers, tourism trustees and planners, tourism business owners and local managers, as well as through completion A researcher-made questionnaire was obtained. In data analysis, a qualitative method and GIS software have been used. Data analysis and inference of necessary information has been done by Depot and Guiltin thematic analysis method. Findings showed that first, 16 benefits were identified in five general categories in the study area. Also, nine benefits in three general categories were identified for owners of production tools and finally six benefits in one general category were identified for labor owners. Second; Comparison of the absorption of benefits from tourism in rural areas of the studied types showed that the amount of quantitative value of economic indicators affected by tourism is higher in the type of mountainous / mountainous villages, as well as comparing the absorption of benefits in the studied strata (owners of production tools and labor owners) It showed that not everyone has the same share of benefits and that the owners of the means of production (capitalists) get more benefits than the owners of the labor force in the study area.

Promoting rural life The main goal of agricultural jihad and national development policies is to achieve sustainable development. One of the key aspects for the success of these policies is the possibility of monitoring the quality of life in all its social, economic and environmental dimensions and requires the implementation of tools that can identify the main dimensions of human satisfaction but this is very complex. People in the Rurales of Varzeqan township are based on the basic components with reference to the theory of "age" capabilities to prevent the abandonment of Rurales. The research is descriptive and observational through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the population of 10 selected Rurales in Varzeqan township. The sample size was 372 based on Cochran's formula. For data analysis of structural equations by heuristic and second-order factor method was performed using Amos and Spss software. The results show that the main determinants of well-being in terms of individual perceptions are economic conditions, security, environmental quality and educational opportunities. Welfare conditions in the Rurales of Khoinrood, Vanestan, and Chai Kennedy Khairuddin are very low, while in contrast, the Rurales of Verdin and Kasin offer the highest levels of welfare in the Varzeqan region. Focusing on the Rural of Khoinrood, we can see that this area offers the lowest values for the three main dimensions of the four main dimensions of welfare, which seems remarkable. As a result, to prevent the abandonment and emptiness of Rurales, double attention should be paid to the level of welfare and quality of life of rural residents.