نشریه تحقیقات تاریخ اجتماعی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Livelihood, nutrition, and the way collect food in past by people, is part of the study of social history.By researching on these topics, we can get acquainted with food, how it is prepared, produced, stored and consumed in the past. In this article, the role of dates in the daily life of the people of Shaldan village in the south of Fars province,during the years 1921to1978 has been discussed. Dates in this village were prepared in different ways and along with bread, they were the main food of the people of Shaldan. In addition,dates were used medicinally, also it was a good substitute for sugar, from it various products and foods were prepared, some of which are still interest. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer this question: what is the role of dates as one of the components of material culture in shaping, identifying and continuing the daily life of the people of Shaldan village between 1300and1357AD?Since there is not much information in the historical sources about the history of this village and the surrounding places,the main reliance of this study was on oral history through interviews with a number of local architects and documents of village Hosseiniyah. The results show that dates as a material element and one of the important components of material culture and religious culture of Shaldan people,has played an irreplaceable role in shaping and regulating social relations in the material and spiritual world and consequently in their daily lives.

The sense of touch is the key to understanding the having been the world because without it the human is more like an observer in relation to the world. Touch integrates our experiences of the world and of ourselves. Even visual perceptions are fused and integrated into the haptic continuum of the self.In relation to the visual arts, and especially the photographs,the haptic perception that takes into account various perceptual aspects will be more precise than the tactile one that is restricted to physical touch:the way we touch feeling on the skin and inside the body is the haptic perception.Visual effects can convey perceptual values through the subject and its representation style.So we conclude that in the analysis of social photographs,tactile perception,and non-visual senses often play an important role not only in stimulating past memories,but in activating and shaping them,and by promoting interest-based physical activity,the tactile sense transmits to and from the photo frame.In the process of interpretation family photographs, and in general, social photographs that are relevant to the lives of people, there are two distinct tactile functions:in the metaphorical touch of the photograph,the act of understanding is possible through the visual values of the frame and their function due to the power of touch.Physical touch,the action of the touch takes place physically,in which both the tactile perception of the photograph, determines reaction by activation of the memories that relate to the person or object and what he or she experiences,and causes a deeper understanding of the photograph

In Indo-European culture, the function of the celestial gods is represented in connection with chariot, and in the Bronze Age, chariot has had a martial function in the Hittite and Egyptian civilizations. In addition, there is a lot of archaeological evidence of chariot from the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Greek and Iran during the Achaemenid period; but the functions of chariot and chariot riding in these civilizations are not properly known. So the main questions of this study are: what are the multiple functions of chariot in the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Greek and the Achaemenids in ancient times? And based on intercultural relations, what are the similarities and differences between these multiple chariot functions? The data of this research have been studied in a qualitative method in a manner descriptive, analytical and comparative. In general, the role of chariot in Indo-European mythology and the martial function of chariot in Hittite and Egyptian civilizations have directly and indirectly affected the functions of chariot in all three civilizations and these functions have interacted with other cultural aspects of these civilizations. Thus, the effect of chariot functions on the economy, social stratification, war, rituals and function of the celestial gods, sports and entertainment can be observed. In Mesopotamia, the military, mythological and recreational aspects of chariot, in Greek, the ritual, sports and social aspects of chariot, and in Iran, the military, social and mythological-ritual aspects of chariot have been more prominent.

In the past societies, especially those composed of the victors and the defeated people, some objects have always symbolically represented class relations. Crowns, hats, turbans, etc., have also had such functions. It seems that in the Iranian society of the Mongol era, the whip had such a role and function. Because one of Genghis Khan's actions to form the Mongol state and society was to allocate a certain amount of flogging to each class; he had set a small whip for the shepherds as the lower class. Since, in general, Mongol society consisted of two classes: the privileged and slaves, shepherds could be assumed to be almost equal to the majority of slaves, while the special long whip of the privileged members of that society must have been used for the Mongol warriors as well. Although the constant use of the whip was common for the Mongol equestrian and herdsman, and both classes always carried a whip, this action of Genghis Khan, which was originally a revival of an old law (Yasa), caused the whip to be used to determine social status and prestige. This is in addition to all the other uses that the whip has had in every ancient society. For this reason, for the Mongol society and state, the whip can be considered as one of the most important social symbols, both in the internal relations of the Mongol society and in relation to the defeated nations. As in the era of the Mongols, we are witnessing the reconstruction of the relations between the subordinates and the elites.

In a narration of Trogus, dated to the first century AD, is quoted that a decree from Darius I sent to the people of Carthage, in which Darius forbade the Carthaginians from sacrificing humans and eating dog meat and asked them to burn their dead instead of burying them in the ground. Traditions such as human sacrifice and eating dog meat have been prevalent among the Carthaginians for centuries. But why did the Achaemenid emperor issue such an order to the people of Carthage? To answer this question, it is necessary to compare historical narratives with archaeological evidence. According to evidence such as the Elephantine papyri, the Achaemenids interfered in the religious affairs of the occupied territories only if in one land the observance of a religious tradition by one people contradicted the religious beliefs of another people, and this contradiction led to religious conflicts. Darius's order was issued on the verge of the Battle of Marathon. At the same time, the Carthaginians were engaged in a decisive battle with the Greeks for control of the island of Sicily. By sending aid and troops to Carthage, Darius could not only defeat the Greeks in Athens, but also cause them trouble on the Sicilian front. The bulk of Darius's expeditionary forces were probably Iranians, and human sacrifice and eating dog meat were unfamiliar to them. According to this article, Darius's order could prevent religious conflicts between the Iranians and the Carthaginians on the verge of an important battle with the Greeks.

Nobility, as an important and widely used concept in social analysis, has not been understood the same throughout history and has different levels of meaning. The main issue of this essay is to understand the impact of the worldview of the two societies, late ancient Iran and the early Islamic as the two main origins, on the concept of nobility in the Islamic period of Iranian history. To answer this problem, the question must be answered as to what the nobility understood in late ancient Iran and early Islam.Based on the conceptual history method, the present essay studies the social context of the mentioned societies in order to obtain conceptual components, and then, based on the comparative method, compares the components of nobility in these two societies. In both societies, the ancestry of the nobility was very important, but the more complex social structure in ancient Iran, their dependence on land, and the ideology of the Iranian monarchy made the understanding of the nobility different from the tribal structure among the new Muslim Arabs. This conceptual difference affected the social reality and created a multi-layered concept of nobility in the Islamic period of Iranian history. Key Words:Nobility, Ancient Iran, Islam, conceptual History, comparative Study

Constitutional Revolution changed the tradition toward the presence of the general public in power affairs and political battles. Therefore, the level of people’s understanding of the Constitutional concept is significant for understanding various aspects of the Constitutional Revolution. In this study, the proceed of the virtual evolution of the Constitution among the general public and inferiors has been investigated in Azerbaijan in the Constitution era using original and authentic references based on the content analysis method. The main question is what conception of Constitution existed among the general public of Azerbaijan. Due to the unfamiliarity of Iran society with the Constitution, this concept was strange to the majority of people, and there was no clear illustration of its nature and contents. For this reason, the majority influenced by constitutional activists perceived the Constitution based on their needs and not its real nature. They found it linked to the social welfare, comfort, justice, and the end of the cruelty of government organizations (agencies). The general public wanted to improve their economic and social conditions and thought they could achieve it via establishing a Constitutional government. The point is that this lexicon became equivalent to seeking justice and law because there was hope for passing law for better conditions.

The last reign of ancient Iran may be known as the beginning of the formation of Christians colonies in Iran as the population of this religious minority had been added during the Sasanian era by applying some of the policies of the Sasanian court and they had been settled in different part of Iran. Christians efforted to unify and stabilize their position in Iran not only contributed to their participation in various fields such as the economic and social sphere, but also Christians in the shadow of religious tolerance of some Sasanian kings succeeded in establishing churches in Iran. Studying various “written sources” and “archaeological findings” were appeared some Christian colonies which are including the Nestorian dioceses on the coasts and hinterlands of the northern and southern of Persian Gulf in this period such as Rēv Ardašir, Mishān, Kharg Island, Bēt Mazon, Bēt Qatrāyē, Mašmāhig, Sir Baniyas, Darin, Hagar. In this paper the causes of Nestorian dioceses formation have been tried to survey in two parts of Persian Gulf with library study and analytical-descriptive method. The aim of this study is to introduce the Nestorian diocese on the both side of the Persian Gulf and to investigate the causes and fields of their formation on the coasts and hinterlands of the northern and southern of Persian Gulf

The long reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (1848-1896) has been accompanied by numerous uprisings that took place in different natures and in the form of individual movements to collective and widespread actions in the country. The main actors in these uprisings ranged from the social masses to government and religious leaders. The purpose of this article is to characterize the uprisings of the Nasserite era and to study the bedrock factors of these uprisings in a descriptive-analytical method based on library information. The findings show that the riots of this period with multiple nature of political (dynastic), tribal, religious (sectarian) and socio-economic (urban and rural areas) on the basis of dissatisfaction with the existing political structure and social relations, power-seeking And the political intentions of some activists and the intervention of foreign interventionist governments in Iran have been formed, and despite creating some instability and fragility in the Nasserite government, they have often failed without achieving a specific result.

This study aims to show the effects of diseases on lifestyle and the form of the place of residence during the previous century through a case study of the formation of the new city of Abadan. Has the frequent epidemic of cholera and plague in the years 1287-1303 / 1908-1924 AD in the oil areas, and especially the city of Abadan, had an effect on the change of urban engineering and urban renewal in this geographical area? This research seeks to find a clear answer to this question. The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical and has used records and documents of the National Archives and the archives of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and library resources as research tools. Research Achievements and Findings Based on the results of this research, cholera and plague had a direct impact on the formation of the new city of Abadan and the form and functions of the new houses of the company had affected the habits, social relations, and livelihood of the residents. The occupants of these houses had experienced physical differences in the new housing and these differences affected the components of their lifestyle

The "Justice Fund", which was later renamed the " Majlis to investigate the injustices ", is an institution established in the Nasseri era for the Shah to handle the people's petitions. , while the Shah's seriousness in studying petitions from the beginning to the end of his reign increases the possibility of its various functions. Our question is, what was the role of the " Majlis to investigate the injustices " in the Shah's relations with the governors and other dominant groups in the provinces, as well as the heads of central government departments? Also, what does the Shah benefit from the communication he established with the people with the help of this institution, apart from propaganda? Our assumption is that the Qajar court used these petitions to obtain a more accurate picture of the governing style of the provinces. He also tried to prevent the heads of central government departments from colluding with the provincial government with the news he received from these petitions. These conspiracies were both politically and economically harmful to the Shah. On the other hand, petitions caused the masses to seek help from the Shah when they were exploited by the dominant groups and to have no incentive to strengthen the popular groups. The strengthening of these groups and factions was not in the interest of the government. The theoretical framework of the research is derived from Patricia Crohn's view in describing the structure of pre-modern governments and power relations at that time.

The purpose of this study is to study women's health.To better focus on the topic of discussion, Isfahan has been selected as another important city in the country for research.The family has been a fundamental unit in all societies And this shows the importance of the role of women in family health and the promotion of community health.With the formation of the Pahlavi government,activities were carried out in the field of health affairs,which included matters related to women,such as the establishment of specialized hospitals and the training of specialized staff.With the formation of the Health Corps,women's health was also considered in the public health subdivision,and women's wards and maternal and child health centers were established in hospitals.Specialized women's departments were formed in universities,and meetings were held to technically review women's health and introduce their progress.Therefore,the main issue is the developments that occurred in the field of women's health and,consequently,the main question is how to develop women's health,factors of women's interest in personal health and the role of women's advocacy bodies in this development. based on archival documents, magazines,newspapers and interviews,this issue has been studied by descriptive-analytical method.The results obtained show that in order to ensure public health,it was necessary to thoroughly investigate women's health problems; Because women,as one of the main pillars of the family,have taken on the task of ensuring the health and well-being of other members.In fact,the main outcome revealed that women's education and health is one of the medical strategies in prevention.