نشریه جامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The studies examined for business are limited from the perspective of sociology; while examining the social components of business development is considered as a missing link in enterprises. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain and design a social model of business development of the enterprise (Etka Organization). This research has been done in the framework of qualitative approach and application of grounded theory research. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview and 31 experts were interviewed using purposeful sampling method. Data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and 18 main categories and 41 concepts were extracted. The results of this research, social benefit (central category); Social capital, social need, social justice, satisfaction, social relations, social cohesion, social class and entrepreneurship (causal conditions); Social relations between managers and employees, culture, leadership and management, right to choose, security and development-oriented training (intervening conditions); Social personality of manpower, religious beliefs, commitment and social identity (contextual conditions) were obtained. Strategies include implementing a stakeholder model in the organization, aligning employees 'personal interests with organizational interests, involving employees in organizational decision-making, managing employees' job satisfaction, redefining organizational culture, and developing intra-organizational relationships; Consequences include promoting organizational trust, creating a sense of loyalty in customers, creating common collective interests, creating relative justice for more employees, increasing organizational productivity with more motivated employees and the emergence of new ideas.

Tolerance means enduring the inherent diversity of large social groups and is seen as a synergistic effect of individual characteristics and the socio-economic environment. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of economic variables such as average income, residential area, etc. on the level of tolerance among the citizens of Mashhad. Therefore, to measure social tolerance in the study community, multidimensional survey and scale method was performed based on model of King (with dimensions of individual, social, political, gender, religious tolerance) and considering the sample size of 400 people. , A sample population of 15-year-olds above the city of Mashhad has been selected by cluster sampling.Based on the research findings, in the study community, the overall index of tolerance is at the average level.While the level of economic capital is reported to be low. Among the dimensions of the index of tolerance, individual and social tolerance are at a moderate to high level and gender tolerance and political tolerance are at a low level. However, there is a positive relationship between economic capital and tolerance among citizens. The two variables of generalized trust and social participation are effective in improving the level of tolerance among citizens. Thus, citizens who have the economic capital and more resources to participate in association activities and establish continuous relationships with other citizens, they have more generalized trust and are more flexible in accepting differences.

Urbanization and its rapid growth have a great impact on the economy and environment of a region. Also, the spirits and lifestyles of urban dwellers undergo extensive changes with the expansion of urbanization. Since bio-environmental citizenship is formed in a social and cultural environment as a city and is influenced by many cultural factors, the present study aims to study the structural model of bio-environmental citizenship based on Urban City and cultural capital among Congratulations to the citizens. The method used in the present study is survey. The researcher-made questionnaire tool was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of residents between the ages of 15 and 15 in the metropolitan area of Tabriz has been determined by 407 people based on the Cochran's sampling formula and selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the variability of Urbanity and environmental citizenship (0.658) and between the variable of cultural capital and environmental citizenship (0.736). Route coefficients related to Urbanity showed that urban management, environmental health and urban facilities and technology explain Urbanity variance with values of 0.52, 0.45 and 0.72, respectively. Also, the coefficients of the path related to cultural capital showed that objective, embodied and institutional cultural capital with values of 0.33, 0.65 and 0.68, respectively, explain the variance of cultural capital

Differences between men and women`s approaches toward the environment are a less addressed matter in the Sociology of Environment contents and have led to an incomplete explanation of environmental behavior. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between environmental behavior of men and women in private sphere (home) and their economic status. In theoretical framework, gender inequality has been used to explain differences in environmental behavior; This concept discusses women's greater share in environmentally responsible behaviors in private sphere through gender division of labor, biographical access, and professionalism. The method is survey with the statistical population of Qazvin citizens between 18 and 75 years old. Sample size is 390. They were selected by dialing random numbers based on the telephone numbers frame. Data were also collected through telephone interviews with multiple-choice closed-ended questions. Findings show that the average environmental behavior of women in private sphere in three levels of employment, full-time employment and employment with supervisory power is higher than men; Complex cultural and structural patterns based on gender inequality have defined women's core specialties as patterns of behavior in private sphere, and have highlighted male-dominated patriarchal social forces, gender stereotypes and expectations even more about environmental behavior.

It is vital to pay attention to foreign investment in developing countries or the ones with emerging markets. The aim of this study was to identify social and cultural factors affecting foreign investment in Iran’s East Azerbaijan province. The research variables include mutual social trust, participation, modernity and cultural differences and the dependent variable in this research is foreign investment. In this research, different theories have been used, including the theory of Parsons, Lerner, Coleman, Myrdal and Giddens. The research method was surveying and questionnaires were used to collect data. The results obtained from Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis showed high validity and reliability of the questions. The statistical population was from among the officials of foreign investment and foreign investors in the cities of Tabriz and Julfa. The sample size was done by Cochran's method, which obtained 429 people in the field of foreign investment. Finally, the samples were selected by proportional stratified sampling method and simple random sampling method. Pearson was used for bivariate analysis and regression was used for multivariate analysis. The results showed that there is a correlation between independent and dependent variables. In the multivariate analysis, among the variables introduced in the step-by-step method, the mutual social trust variable was selected as the variable that had the greatest effect on the dependent variable because it had a high prediction coefficient.

The lack a close relationship between economic well-being and mental well-being have attracted more attention from economists to substituting a subjective approach to dismissing and evaluating individual and social well-being rather than an objective one; for this purpose, an indicator known as happiness has been introduced.Therefore, in this study, based on the variables of the Gross Nationality Happiness Index, an appropriate index for provinces of Iran was introduced and using the multi-criteria decision-making technique and TOPSIS method during period of 2005-2015 to be calculated and ranked.The ranking results show on average during period considered, provinces of Tehran, Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad and Esfahan had highest levels of happiness in the country respectively, and provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Kermanshah are respectively, at low levels of happiness. The important point in calculation of happiness is that central provinces are located in higher ranks above the border provinces of country, which indicates the centrality of happiness in center of country due to amenities facilitation in these areas.In order to investigate the distribution of happiness inequality in Iran, Kuznets relationship was used in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and Robust least squares (RLS) methods for cross-sectional information in 30 provinces of the country. The results indicate the inverse U relationship between the happiness and its inequality. In the first, with increasing happiness, happiness inequality increases, but from one point onwards, due to widespread welfare of general public, with increasing happiness, inequality resulting from it decreases.

The development of societies does not depend only on economic growth or programs aimed at it, but also on the components of change in beliefs and behaviors as preconditions for development. Accordingly, this study was written to study the relationship between the components of change in developmental beliefs and behaviors and their relationship with social alienation. The research method was survey and the statistical population included students of the faculties of law, social sciences and agriculture of Tabriz University, 263 of whom were selected by stratified sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software. The results showed that the components of "sociability" and "punctuality" were above average, the components of "social discipline" and "honesty and truthfulness" were below average, and the components of "respect for the rights of others" and "social alienation" were moderate. The results of testing the hypotheses indicated that there is a significant and negative relationship between the components of sociability, social discipline, respect for the rights of others, punctuality and honesty with social alienation. Also, the difference between the mean of social alienation in terms of faculty type, gender and educational level with social alienation was significant. According to the results of fitting the path model, the sociability variable had the greatest impact on social alienation. After this variable, social discipline, punctuality, respect for the rights of others, and honesty and truthfulness were in the next categories. In total, these variables were able to explain 36% of the changes in social alienation.

 

Today, the emergence of environmental crises and problems in the world has given greater attention to environmental protection behaviors. This attention to environmental behavior has prompted a great deal of research in recent years on the factors affecting environmental behavior. Due to an increase in environmental behaviors research and identify the factors affecting it, this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting environmental behaviors in research conducted in Iran.

The research method of this paper is the meta-analysis. Population of the study almost scientific papers that are the subject factors environmental behaviors in 2001 and 2020 were published. Finally, 18 papers selected and analyzed with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.

The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect size between cultural capital and environmental behaviors approximately 0.38, was in moderate level. Also relationship between environmental attitude and environmental behaviors was about 0.28 and in low level. Results show that the combined effects of the relationship between environmental Value and environmental behaviors the equivalent of 0.27, was in low level.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and work-family conflict, and the quality of working life among workers. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all workers working in Sari industrial town. A total of 386 people was selected from the employed workers by using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method. To assess the research variables, the Quality of work-life questionnaire (Walton 1973), researcher-made social support questionnaire, and work-Family conflict questionnaire (Rastgar Khalid 2006) were used. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social support and quality of working life and there is also a negative and significant relationship between work-family conflict and the quality of workers' working life. Based on the results of regression analysis, according to the Beta values, from the dimensions of social support; the dimensions of financial support (β = 0.614), emotional support (β = 0.523), informational support (β = 0.509) as well as the dimensions of work-family conflict; work conflict with family (β = -0.461) and family conflict With work (β = - 0.337) are the strongest variables to predict the quality of working life, respectively. The findings also showed that 46% of the variance in the quality of working life is explained by the dimensions of social support as well as the dimensions of work-family conflict.

Regression of social and cultural affairs in Markazi Province is deeply rooted in imbalanced and unsustainable development and renders social development an urgent priority. Social development, as a protective and inclusive factor, guarantees citizens’ journey towards perfection and well-being in a path paved by dignity, safety and justice. This study addresses dimensions and indicators of social development through secondary analysis. Overcoming methodological challenges faced in doing this research, 107 obtained indicators are ranked and compared against those of the country. According to data, Markazi Province ranked 9th, 23 rd, 17th and 31st in the quality of life, social justice, social security and social capital, respectively. Accordingly, the average of social development ranked 21 st among 31 provinces in Iran, indicating an unbridgeable chasm with average figures of development in Iran. In the same vein, mental aspects of development in this province, if compared with concrete ones, are in adverse situation.

The trend of environmental degradation and natural resources’ loss, all around the world, is considered a major fact of our current time. Nowadays, environmental issues have social concepts. Environmental degradation is related to lots of factor the most important of which are social and cultural factors. Present research has been accomplished with the purpose of studying the influence of social cultural factors on Tehran environmental degradation. Present research is applied form objective point of view and the method used is from survey type. The statistical population of present research includes young individuals in the range of 18-35 year-old living in districts (17-13-10-6-2) of Tehran Metropolitan area. The least sample size for answering questionnaires of present research is 453 young individuals selected by quota sampling method and questionnaires were distributed among them. Data analysis was made by sample power software. Results indicate a significant relation among all research independent variables with environmental degradation variable (sig≤0.05). Considering Pearson coefficient values, it may be stated that the relation of social class, environmental knowledge and cultural capital with environmental degradation variable is estimated to be poor and inverse, while the relationship of consumerism and level of being religious variables with environmental degradation is average, poor and direct respectively.

The economy plays an important role in the daily life of Iranians and the consequences of economic fluctuations have made their lives difficult and largely unpredictable. In recent years, due to economic / political issues that have arisen at the national and international levels, inflation and the devaluation of the national currency have become a constant topic of discussion for family members, friends and even academics. Meanwhile, the Iranian Citizens, whose life has been tied to economic fluctuation / inflation for many years, has been constantly looking for fluctuations in market fluctuations. The Tehran Stock Exchange has played this role for citizens over the past two years; In particular, along with the government's incentive and propaganda policies for membership and activity, it has been cleared and referred to people as a model for getting simple profit. As a result, the present study sought to investigate this situation and its consequences using the method of critical ethnography. The research began with the active participation of researchers in stock exchange activities and was followed by in-depth interviews with twenty ordinary people, brokerage staff, portfolio managers and financial professionals. The research findings were based on codifications including economics, infrastructure of life, war for life, economics in crisis, stock market; individual response to social problems, governmental manipulation in the stock market, inefficiency of individual responses to social issues, self-humiliation, economic repression and disappeared wishes. The results showed collective frustration and the negative consequences of the mass participation bubble on the one hand and the stock market price bubble on the other. Finally, these findings were discussed at the level of systemic relationships, using social theories.