مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و نهم شماره 10 (پیاپی 182، دی 1400)

Due to the lack of a systematic review on cadmium status in breast milk of Iranian mothers, this study was designed to evaluate the published articles on factors affecting the exposure and the levels of cadmium in breast milk.

In this study, English and Farsi electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Magiran, Iran Medex and SID were comprehensively searched for papers published from July 2009 until May 2021. The PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed for screening and reviewing the processes involved in this study.

From 102 articles found in the initial search, 9 studies were included in systematic review. The highest mean cadmium concentration was related to milk samples collected from Kerman City. Among study factors, the exposure to cigarette smoke, living near industrial centers and maternal nutrition had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of cadmium in breast milk.

Further studies are demanded to obtain more comprehensive and reliable results on the status of cadmium in breast milk of Iranian mothers.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are rare heterogeneous disorders with defects in which one or more components of the immune system are malfunctioning. Clinical presentations of the patients according to type of immunodeficiency are variable. The majority of these patients are susceptible to infections depending on the type of disorder. In these patients, one of the most important and common symptoms is a skin manifestation that in many cases helps to diagnose the disease. Skin symptoms can include infectious-inflammatory-autoimmune-allergic manifestations and malignancies. In some cases, skin involvement can be the initial manifestation of immunodeficiency diseases, so understanding the relationship between the type of primary immunodeficiency and the type of skin involvement is very important in diagnosing the disease. The majorities of skin diseases are not pathogenomonic in primary immunodeficiencies and may be seen in other diseases with normal levels of immunity. However, there are numerous skin findings that are so characteristic of immunodeficiency diseases that it is necessary to evaluate the immune system.

Skin is an organ that may be involved in many diseases, including primary immunodeficiency. Sometimes skin is the first organ involved in immune deficiencies. Therefore, recognizing skin manifestations in these patients is one of the most important factors in early diagnosis of these people.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, with an increasing incidence and mortality rate. In the present study, cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of spirulina platensis extract on PC-3 prostate adenocarcinoma cell line were investigated.

In the present experimental study, the PC-3 prostatic cancer cells were treated in four experimental   with 400, 200, 100 and 50 μg / ml extract of spirulina and incubated at 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTS kit (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-Carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium, Inner Salt) and apoptosis was analyzed by flow- cytometry using an Annexin V-FITC/PI kit according to the manufacturer protocol in both times. Statistical analysis was accomplished by ANOVA and Duncan tests using FlowJo and SPSS 16 software.

In the experimental groups treated with extract of spirulina, the  viability of the cells showed a decrease compared to control group, while this decrease was more noticeable in the experimental group of 100 μg / ml at both incubation times (<0.0071).Increased incidence of apoptosis was significantly higher in the experimental groups than the control group. However, this increase was significantly higher than the control group at concentrations of 200 μg / ml in 24h incubation time (Ƥ < 0.0331) and 100 μg / ml of 48h incubation time (Ƥ < 0.0502).

Extract of Spirulina at specific concentrations reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostatic cancer cells. Evidence suggests that spirulina can be used as an anticancer drug for the treatment of prostate cancer.

The color matching of dental restorations is effective in the beauty of the smile and a dentist should be familiar with the subject of color and light to make a beautiful and natural prosthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of general dentists in Yazd City about the choice of fixed prosthesis color in 2019.

This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study in which all the general dentists in Yazd City were included in the study by census. Data were collected in the field through a valid and reliable questionnaire containing 11 knowledge questions and 17 performance questions. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 using t-test and ANOVA (α <0.05).

150 dentists with a mean age of 39.14 ± 7.96 were studied in this study. The mean score of knowledge was 26.5 ± 3.32 out of 33 points. Mean knowledge score was not statistically significant with age, sex and dental work experience (P >0.05), but was associated with participation in retraining courses (P = 0.046). 79% of participants used brossage and prophylaxis before choosing a color, 31% used sunlight to choose a color, and 37% used the color of adjacent teeth as a color choice.

The knowledge of general dentists in Yazd City in choosing the color of fixed prostheses was at a good level and the performance was relatively good. Participation in retraining courses had led to an increase in dentists' awareness in this field.

Epileptic neurological disorder, which is controlled with medications such as sodium valproate (one of the treatment priorities for the patients with epilepsy). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of complication of sodium valproate. Ovulation in PCOs Patients is disrupted, resulting in serious complications, including endometrial hyperplasia with typical and atypical forms, increased the risk of endometrial endometrial cancer, diabetes mellitus, and decreased fertility rates. This study, in accordance with bioinformatics studies and other studies based on the association of miRNA-222 with genes involved in PCOs and hyperandrogenism, was designed to evaluate the association of PCOs in the patients treated with sodium valproate by simultaneously comparing the AMH factor and miRNA-222 marker at specific time periods.

In this case-control study, 33 women with epilepsy before and after use the drug were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After blood sampling, their plasma was isolated. According to the instructions of the Total RNA extracted kit , cDNA synthesized and miRNA-222 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR technique and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23 software, T-test and ANOVA tests.

The results of statistical tests such as T-test and ANOVA test (done with SPSS software) which showed a significant difference (p<0/01) between the mean expression of mir-222 and AMH in the patients before treatment compared to 3 month after treatment. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the increase in AMH is directly related to the decrease in miRNA-222 expression (p<0/01).

According to the results of the present study, in order to better control the possible side effects of the drug and possibly timely drug change and early diagnosis of PCOs (PCOs-like symptoms), evaluation of miRNA-222 expression changes can be used at the same time with AMH assay.

Dental profession has an ethical and legal responsibility in patient care. A properly maintained patient record is a very important aspect of this patient care. The aim of this study was to evaluate dentists' practice in obtaining and recording the medical and pharmacological history of patients in Yazd City in 2020.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 197 dentists working in Yazd City were selected during the study and their practice in obtaining and recording medical history was evaluated using a valid questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Out of 197 dentists participating in this study, 93 (52.8%) were male and 104 (47.2%) were female. Their mean age was 39.37± 8.36 years and their mean clinical experience was 6.5± 9.25 years. The mean score of dentists' practice in obtaining and recording the medical and pharmacological history was 61.30±4.95 (range 45-72) out of 72 points. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean score of dentists' practice by gender, clinical experience, university of study and degree (P-value>0.05), but there was a statistically significant relationship between dentists' age and their practice score (P-value=0.040).

Based on the results of the present study, the mean practice source of dentists in obtaining and recording the medical and pharmacological history of patients was good. The effect of gender, university of study and degree on dentists' practice was not significant. However, with increasing age and experience in dentistry, the practice score of dentists was lower.

In recent studies, methylation of FOXE1 in colorectal cancer has been reported as a diagnostic biomarker. In this study for the first time, the expression of FOXE1 and PTCSC2 in colorectal cancer was investigated and their expression patterns in two healthy and tumor tissues of patients were compared.

In this study, 40 tumor tissues with colorectal cancer and 40 adjacent normal samples were collected. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesis followed. Then, the specific genes for lncRNA PTCSC2 and FOXE1 were amplified. The results were statistically analyzed by Graph Pad Prism software and a T-test was used to compare the expression levels of lncRNA PTCSC2 and FOXE1 in the patients and healthy group; p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant difference criteria.

In this study, the FOXE1 expression level was significantly decreased in tumor tissue (p-value = 0.005), whereas the lncRNA PTCSC2 expression level in tumor tissue was not significantly changed (p-value = 0.65). In addition, the expression levels of FOXE1 and lncRNA PTCSC2 did not show a significant relation with disease progression and age of the patients. ROC curve for changes in FOXE1 and lncRNA PTCSC2 expression showed that theFOXE1 gene could be a relatively appropriate independent variable (p-value = 0.03) to differentiate between the two study groups.

According to the results of this study, changes in FOXE1 gene expression were significantly reduced in tumor samples and can be used as a biomarker in tumor diagnosis in colorectal cancer.