نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of performing cognitive task during submaximal exercise on fatigue indices. The scientists believe that both mental and body determine endurance performance. Since there are common neural pathways between physical and mental fatigue.

10 athlete’s men (mean ± SD, age: 20 ± 2 years, weight: 71 ± 10 kg, height: 176 ± 9 cm) participated in this study. The participants were present in lab for three separate sessions. In the first session after familiarization, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was determined using incremental protocol on treadmill. In two subsequent sessions, participates ran on treadmill with 70 percent of VO2max intensity for 45 minutes with (intervention) and without (control) cognitive task. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 10 minutes during both exercise sessions. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), cortisol and prolactin concentration were measured pre-and post- sessions. All data was analyzed with dependent t-test and two-way ANOVA.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between two sessions for, prolactin (P = 0.668), cortisol (P = 0.25), MVC (P = 0.664), RPE (P = 0.9), and HR (P = 0.34) but cortisol, prolactin, RPE and HR increased from pre-to post-sessions.

Present study results show that, performing a cognitive task during submaximal exercise couldn’t induce more fatigue indices compare submaximal exercise. However, cannot be totally discarded thr effects of performing cognitive task during submaximal exercise on fatigue indices. Factors like duration and kind of cognitive and physical tasks should be consider.

Increasing cytokines is one of the body responses to exercise. The effect of inflammation on chronic fatigue syndrome is obvious but its effect on exercise induced fatigue and recovery is unknown. Therefore, this study was performed in order to investigate the effects of 4-weeks of fish oil supplementation on peripheral fatigue induced by incremental exhausting exercise.

For this purpose, 20 healthy men were selected and assigned in fish oil (FO) and corn oil (CO) groups and consumed six gr/day of supplements. Before and after supplementation, peak to peak M-wave amplitudes and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of their tibialis anterior muscle were evaluated before, immediately after exercise and also, after 20-min recovery.

The results of two-way analysis of the differences of M-wave results didn’t show significant differences between groups while significant differences observed in MVC of participants in response to supplementation and after exercise and recovery (P < 0.05). In addition, we observed lower perceived exertion after exercise and supplementation only in FO group (P < 0.05).

These results showed that FO can improve muscular performance but this improvement is not due to the improvement in neuromuscular propagation (M-wave), while it can be as a cause of reduce in central fatigue or muscle contractile properties. However, complete understanding of the exact role of inflammation and FO on neuromuscular function still need more investigations.

Recognition of mechanisms involved in inflammatory disorders through the aging process and providing appropriate preventive or modulator strategies to improve quality of life are always important challenges in the field of life sciences. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of two-month concurrent training (RT+HIIT) and caloric restriction on serum CRP and P65 amount in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of inactive middle-aged men.

Twenty-four inactive, healthy men participated in three homogeneous groups: Caloric restriction (CR), Concurrent training (T) and Concurrent training with Caloric restriction (CRT) groups. Calorie restriction and energy cost in five days a week was about six kcal·kg-1·day-1. The concurrent training was included five days per week (two sessions of resistance training with 75 to 80% 1RM and three sessions of high intensity interval training with 80-85% heart rate reserve). Baseline and post-intervention p65 in the total and phosphorylated (p-p65) levels in PBMCs were assessed by ELISA. Serum CRP concentration was also measured using immunoturbidimetric.

Weight loss in CRT group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P < 0.05). However, the changes range in fat percentage, maximal oxygen consumption and one-repetition maximum (1RM) of T and CRT groups were significantly higher than CR group (P < 0.05). Changes in phosphorylated P65 and p-p65 / total p65 ratio in PBMCs of T and CRT groups were significantlyhigher than CR group (P < 0.05).

Based on the present results, two months of concurrent training and caloric restriction can reduce some of inflammatory markers in inactive men. In addition, the effect of concurrent training with and without calorie restriction on the initiators of inflammatory factors is greater than the calorie restriction intervention alone. Therefore, concurrent training and caloric restriction are recommended for prevention and confronting obesity and its inflammatory consequences, especially in middle age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy demands and contribution of the energy systems during self-defense in elite athletes. Twelve male self-defense elite athletes (age, 24 ± 1.4 yr, body mass: 78.1 ± 2.44 kg; percent of body fat, 16.83 ± 1.5 %) voluntarily participated in the study.

To estimate the energy contributions, and total energy cost of the fights, athletes VO2max, HRmax and HRmean, were obtained' using Bruce test on a treadmill. The athletes performed a simulated competition consisting of two (3 min) rounds with a (1 min) recovery in between each round. The combats were video recorded to quantify the actual time for fighting in each round. The contribution of the aerobic (WAER), anaerobic alactic (WPCR), and anaerobic lactic (W(La-1)) energy systems was estimated through the measurement of oxygen consumption during the activity and the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and the change in blood lactate concentration were estimated in each round, respectively.

The mean ratio of high intensity to actions of low intensity actions (attacks and no attacks) was 1:1.7. The WAER, WPCR and (W (La-1)) system contributions were estimated as 122 ± 11 kJ (56±4%), 69 ± 2 kJ (32 ± 0.2%), 24 ± 8 kJ (10 ± 3%), respectively.

Thus, training sessions for self-defense should be directed mainly toward improvement of the anaerobic alactic system (used with high intensity actions), and of the aerobic system (used with recovery between high-intensity actions).

One of the cause of adaptations due to exercise training is increased capillary density or angiogenesis. increased blood flow to hippocampus tissue causes improvement of memory, learning and neurogenesis process and prevention from accession brain disease like Alzheimer. The Aim of this study was to compare the effect of Eight weeks resistance and Endurance running on VEGF-A and FGF-2 levels of hippocampus tissue in male Wistar rats.

This study in aim perspective was developmental and in method perspective was Experimental. For this aim 32 male Wistar rats, divided randomly in four groups (Resistance Training, Running, Sham and control) and training groups exercised for eight weeks. For evaluation of VEGF-A and FGF-2 concentrations of hippocampus tissue used from sandwich Elisa method and for hypothesizes test from one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc used.

Results show that Eight weeks’ resistance and endurance training Respectively cause significant increase in VEGF-A (P = 0.000), (P = 0.000) and FGF-2 (P = 0.000), (P = 0.000) than to control group. Also there are significant different in concentrations of VEGF-A (P = 0.000) and FGF-2 (P = 0.000) of hippocampus tissue between resistance and endurance running groups. In addition, no significant differences was observed in VEGF-A (P = 0.982) and FGF-2 (P = 1.000) indexes between exercise sham and control groups.

Results of this study show that eight weeks’ resistance training cause more significant increase on effective angiogenic factors in hippocampus tissue of male Wistar rats than endurance running training group.

Recovery after intense interval training plays an important role in improving athletic performance, while the type of recovery and exercise background can affect athletic performance. The aim of this study was to compare the Response of blood buffering capacity to three types of recovery during Repeated High-Intensity endurance test in trained and untrained girls' students of Farhangian University.

30 female students of Farhangian University (mean age 22.49 ±.3 (year), weight 68.33 ± 7.31 (kg) and height 176.76 ± 8.32 (cm) were randomly selected in three recovery groups (active: N=10, passive: N=10, Stretching: N=10) randomly. The Subjects underwent three types of recovery during the repeated high-intensity endurance test after evaluating the maximum oxygen consumption according to a specific pattern in a crossover methods, three days in a week. Arterial blood sample were taken measured before and immediately after the test and buffering capacity and carnosine were analyzed by ABG and ELISA techniques. After 8-eight weeks of aerobic exercise (65-80% of maximal heart rate), the test and blood sampling were repeated with the same pre-test and at the same time.

In untrained girls, only significant difference was found between stretching and active recovery for oxygen saturation, and in trained girls' there was a significant increase in oxygen saturation for active and passive recovery. Significant increase in blood acidity, bicarbonate, base buffers and carnosine was observed in trained girls by active recovery (P ≤ 0.05).

The results show that the response of buffering capacity to the three types of recovery was significantly higher in trained subjects. Which is more notable with active recovery.

According to the controversy about the role of ATF3 as a non-inflammatory index of myocardia in metabolic abnormalities as diabetes, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval versus progressive resistance training on ATF3 myocardial gene expression of male diabetic rats.

Sixty male six weeks rats with a weighing average of 150 g were randomly divided into five groups: diabetic (D), diabetes- high intensity interval training (DIT), high intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance (RT), and diabetes- resistance training (DRT). High intensity interval training included 10 repetitions of one minute running on a treadmill with two minutes of rest. Progressive resistance training included four climb of a resistance ladder with weights. The training program was performed three days a week for six weeks. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's and M-ANOVA tests at a significant level of P ≤ 0.01.

Significant increase in expression of ATF3 in diabetes- high intensity interval training group was observed between diabetes and diabetes- high intensity interval training (P <0.001). Between two groups of diabetes and diabetes- resistance training (P = 0.001), there was a significant increase in expression in diabetes- resistance training. In comparison between DIT and DRT groups, progressive respond were observed in DIT versus DRT (P = 0.03).

high intensity interval training has been shown to be more effective in comparison with the progressive resistance training, because it activates more different molecular cell mechanisms, perhaps, significantly reduces the negative effects of diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular disease.

One of the effective mechanisms for better jumping in athletes is the induction of PAP in the warm-up protocol. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of dynamic warming and dynamic warming with PAP on power of muscle and agility in girls’ volleyball player.

In this study, 36 female volleyball players were selected and performed two types of dynamic warm-up and dynamic warm-up with PAP using the Counterbalance method. The dynamic protocol consisted of dynamic stretching exercises and the dynamic warm-up protocol with PAP includes warm-up with dynamic stretching plus three movements: 1- Scott, 2- 10 meter running by attaching load of 5% of body weight and 3- jumping with load of 5% body weight. Then the Sargent, Bosco jump and T tests were performed before and 4, 6,9-11, and ultimately 30 minutes after the end of protocols were completed, respectively. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, dependent t-test, and linear modeling mixed with covariance at a significant level of P<0.05.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the warming protocols in the Sargent jump and the Bosco test at any of the measurement times (P<0.005). 48 hours after exercise in both warm-ups, agility was significantly improved. Also, the dynamic warm-up with PAP showed a significant effect of group at the air time (AT) standing in 30 minutes after the end of protocol (P<0.005).

Finally, the findings of the present study show that There was no difference between dynamic and dynamic warm-up with PAP methods with PAP in power of muscle and agility in girls' volleyball player.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthropometric, somatotype and physical fitness characteristics of medal winners in the twelfth students’ athletic games and compare their characteristics with national champions in the same sport to determine the difference between athletes at two different levels of national and universities.

medal winners (male and female) of different sports in this student’s games were invited to participate in the study. After attending to the laboratories, all subjects’ body composition, somatotype and anthropometric characteristics were measured. Thereafter, their body abilities including flexibility, anaerobic lactic acid capacity, anaerobic alactic acid capacity and aerobic power were determined. One sample t-test was used as statistical analysis of data at P ≤ 0.05.

the best performances in male were for freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. In addition, in female, badminton players had the best flexibility and anaerobic lactic capacity, volleyball players had the best anaerobic alactic capacity, and runners had the best aerobic power. Comparison of national champions’ norms with winners of student’s games revealed higher physical abilities (P < 0.05) and a better somatotype (P < 0.05) for national champions.

with respect to physical abilities, somatotype and body composition student’s athletes are in a far lower level than national champions and that they cannot be used as a support for national sports. Therefore, the Iranian national student athletic federation and physical education department for Ministry of sciences must design a careful program to increase the level of physical fitness and physiological characteristics of students’ athletes in different sports and to lessen their differences with national champions.

Different studies have been shown that menopausal transition is associated with increased adiposity and inflammation, which leads to increase risk of CVD. However, Exercise training has been recomended as an effective approach to prevent and reduce these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease predictor in obese menopause women.

40 menopause obese women in a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design, randomly assigned into three groups of control, high intensity interval (6-12×60s of high intensity training (85–95% HRR)) and moderate-intensity continuous (25-30 min aerobic exercise at 40%–65% heart rate reserve(HRR)). Exercise training programs for the two experimental groups were performed three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance tests at the significance level of 0.05.

The results indicated that both type of exercise training have a significant effect on the CRP (tHIIT=7.278, p=0/000; tMICT=5/059, P = 0/000) and ICAM-1 (tHIIT=7.813, P = 0/000; tMICT=4/609, P = 0/000) concertation. Hovewer, these biomarkers unchanged in the control group (P > 0.05). Moreover, compared to moderate-intensity continuous training, high-intensity interval training demonstrated greater reduction in CRP (percent of change: 22.91% vs 44.02% P = 0.000) and ICAM-1 (percent of change: 21.17% vs 30.74% p=0.041). The results also indicated that the changes in CRP and ICAM-1 concentrations correlated (R) with the changes in body composition indices after training (P < 0.05).

In conclusion, the results of this study showed that despite of the effectiveness of both training program, high intensity training has predominant effect on inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease predictor in obese menopause women.

Osteopontin is a novel adipose tissue derived cytokine correlating with obesity and its related metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type II diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of Osteopontin, insulin and fasting glucose and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in young sedentary overweight and obese women.

Twenty overweight and obese women randomly divided into two groups including experimental (mean age 32.5 ± 4.14 years, body mass index 33.18 ± 6.12 Kg/m2) and control (mean age 35.45 ± 2.33 years, body mass index 31.58 ± 1.65 Kg/m2). Subjects in experimental group participated in eight weeks of HIIT (one minute of running interval at intensity of 90 percent of maximal heart rate and one minutes of rest interval of running at intensity of 50-60 percent of maximal heart rate, 10 sets per session, 20 minutes per session, three times per week). Blood factors and body composition indices were assessed before and after training protocol. Statistical analysis was done by Covariance, paired t-test and Pearson correlation at significant level of P < 0.05.

According to paired t-test, HIIT resulted in significant decrease in serum levels of osteopontin (P = 0.0001) and weight (P = 0.0001), body mass index (P = 0.0001) and body fat percent (P = 0.0001) in post-test compared to pre-test. However, Covariance showed that only changes in levels of insulin (P = 0.039), weight (P = 0.001), body mass index (P = 0.005) and body fat percent (P = 0.0001) were significantly different between training and control groups. Moreover, there were negative correlation between changes in osteopontin level and changes in body mass index (P = 0.0001) and body fat percent (P = 0.044).

High intensity interval training (HIIT) decreased osteopontin level and improved body composition and metabolic status, and therefore, can be suggested as a therapeutic procedure in obese and overweight young women.

Performing activity without returning to the proper initial state can lead to structural damage to the muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recovery methods after a session of exhausting activity on some performance indicators and muscle injury in male soccer players.

Thirty-six active football players of Birjand city with an average weight of 60.13± 15.65 kg, height 173.02 ±10.98 cm and age of 16.47 ± 1.53 years, were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of nine people (including: passive recovery, active recovery, floating in cold water and recovery through massage). Subjects in each group first performed one session of strenuous exercise to the point of exhaustion and then participated in a 20-minute recovery procedure. Functional indices and muscle damage were measured before acute debilitating activity and immediately after recovery.

The effect of recovery methods after one session of acute debilitating activity on lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels in male soccer players was not significant = Pck = 0.19 and PLDH = 0.2. While active recovery and immersion in cold water improved and increased the speed and vertical power of male soccer players (P = 0.04) and (P = 0.01).

Considering the positive effects of active recovery and immersion in cold water on the speed and vertical strength of male soccer players, it seems that using this method between training and competitive sessions will improve the performance of soccer players.