فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 50 (پاییز 1400)

The foundation of the School of Political Sciences as an educational institution at the Mozaffar-ed-din Shah Qajarchr('39')s era led to the beginning of teaching and training of politicians. The school was planned to train experienced people for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Mohammad Ali Foroughi was one of the first teachers and writers of history textbooks at this school. With a descriptive-analytical method and by a survey of Foroughichr('39')s history textbooks and the book Primary Era of the World History (History of Iran), the present study seeks to answer what were the features of this book to be taught at the School of Political Sciences. The findings of this study suggest that this book could teach the history of Iran to the students of the School of Political Sciences in a disciplined way and created a new approach to writing history, as it became a model for the next writers of history textbooks.

The Timurid period in Iran is very important in terms of progress in various Islamic arts, especially architecture and related decorations, so that its peak can be seen in the method of decoration with Faience mosaic. One of the important buildings in this city is the building of Amir Malekshah, which is not well known despite its great architectural importance. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the architectural features and decorations of the Amir Malekshah building, which have not been studied so far. The results show that according to architectural features such as building plans, inscriptions and their themes, tile decorations, paintings, cellar, lack of altar, the presence of a spire and minaret, the dual use of the mosque- Tomb for it can be considered. In addition, Amir Malekshah building is comparable to the Blue Mosque of Tabriz and many Anatolian mosques, especially Green Mosque of Bursa, in terms of the mentioned features and especially in terms of usage. And according to the plan and inscriptions found in them, the builder and designer of all three buildings was from Tabriz and was probably one person.

The Battle of Siffin happened in the year 37 AH, in the land of Siffin located in the western part of Iraq between Raqqa and Bals. It was fought between Imam Ali (AS), the head of the Kufa army, and Mu'awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, accompanied by the people of Sham (i.e. Syria). One of the important points of this battle that has not been studied methodologically so far is the unity and coherence of the Syrian Army. This issue has been mentioned by Imam Ali in Sermon No. 25 in Nahj al-Balaghah when describing the army of Syria. Furthermore, most historical sources acknowledged it. The present study uses the critical discourse analysis method - as an interdisciplinary approach in social sciences that examines the relationship between language, power, ideology and discourse - to understand the impact of Mu'awiyah's speech on this unity and cohesion. Therefore, the effect of Mu'awiyah's speeches on his army will be examined at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. The results show that Mu'awiyah used both tradition and religion to produce motivating and unifying factors among the people of the Sham.

Following the publication of the liberation of woman in 1899, the issue of womenchr('39')s rights, especially the issue of clothing reform, became the focus of the Egyptian social reform movement. Dozens of books have been published rejecting or endorsing Aminchr('39')s book. This literary controversy the aforementioned year regarded as the beginning of the process of clothing reform. Of course, there is no doubt that Amin drew the attention of many thinkers to the issue of hijab by writing this book, but long before the publication of the book, a discourse was forming that eventually led to the publication of this book and the rise of intellectual debates about the hijab in the twentieth century. The process of shaping this discourse is the subject of this research. This paper aims to use the genealogical method of Michel Foucault to study the factors and contexts that helped shape the trend of clothing reform. The results of this study show that as a result of the political and social developments of the nineteenth century, a discourse emerged in Egypt that gradually turned the issue of clothing reform into a serious issue in Egypt.

Qattali sect was founded by "Shah Saifullah Qattal" (578-674 AH) one of the mystics of the seventh century AH. Simultaneously with the invasion of Baghdad by Hulagu, Shah Saifullah Qatal and his companions migrated to the shores of the Persian Gulf via Basra. Due to the security of Kishchr('39')s trade route, Shah Saifullah Qattal was established in its post-border areas, namely Emaddeh, and was able to resave tax exempt from Atabaks of Fars and establish a strong relationship with the rulers of Lar. The intellectual and cultural heritage of this sect is available in the region of southern Fars and Hormozgan in the form of poem manuscript called “Tohfat-Al-Qoloub” (by Sayyid Ibrahim Sayyid Khalil) and the prose manuscript called “Tohfat-Al-Rafgebin” (by Sayyid Ali ibn Sayyid Hamdi). Since these sources have not been fully introduced so far, this article intends to question the historical-cultural aspects of this sect as a historical issue, with emphasis on newly found manuscripts, and using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that after the Mongol invasion, this sect was able to gain an intellectual-cultural status through the security of the Persian Gulf regions and established strong relations with the local rulers of the time.

With the constitutional revolutionand the fundamental change in the judicial system, the implementation of justice and the establishment of social security were among the most important political demands of the people of the Iranian ports of the Persian Gulf. This region witnessed profound changes in one of the most sensitive historical sections of the Qajar era, namely the transition from traditional society to modernity in the field of social and political life. The present article seeks to historically investigate the causes and factors of judicial inefficiency in these ports with a relatively comprehensive approach based on the contents of press and publications archival documents and books, using the historical research method based on the description and analysis of historical data. Put. The present study aims to examine the performance and challenges of this office while examining the performance of the judiciary. This study seeks to answer the question of what obstacles and problems the judiciary of Iranian ports in the Persian Gulf has faced? It seems that several factors such as the lack of change in the necessary social and political structures in thecountry, the inefficiency

Mukata’a (contracting) was the basis of the financial organization of Ottoman Government in the last centuries . When the number of victories decreased and Timar system collapsed,it was replaced by Mukata’a which led to certain changes in the financial system of the Ottoman government. Mukata’a was the most important source of income of the treasury. In order to overcome financial and tax collection problems, the government spread out the practice Mukata’a all over its lands and made the required changes. Among the most influential people of Mukata’a were the Sipahis( Sepah members), Biglerbegi, and non-Muslim wealthy fellows. (The opulent rich) Due to some changes in the methods of Mukata’a systems in some provinces, excessive tax collection, Barat setting and improper collection, The authoritieschr('39') contumacious actions, and Oppressing the subjects caused a great social dissatisfaction specifically among the farmers, consequently playing an important role in the decline of Ottoman Empire. The present research aims at studying the transformations of Mukata’a systems, its functions and the role of contractors in the central Ottoman Government, and what caused the decline of Practicing Mukata’a throughout the Ottoman Empire employing the Descriptive-Analytic method and critical approach.