نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1400)

Entrepreneurship and the use of natural and man-made capacities depend on the availability of Human Driving Forces. The present study was conducted to study the status of H.D.F of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Shahrood Township and to analyze the effects of entrepreneurship in the field of tourism on sustainable rural development. The results of this study show that among the research indicators, all of them are in good condition. Thirteen final research criteria were identified, are ranked using the COPELAND technique which the criterion of innovation and creativity has the highest value. According to WASPAS, different dimensions of Human Driving Forces in Kharqan rural area have had the greatest impact on the process of entrepreneurship development in the field of rural tourism in the villages of Kharqan. In order to analyze the effects of entrepreneurship in the field of tourism on the development of rural areas, the CODAS has been used. Findings show that the effects of entrepreneurship in the field of rural tourism on the development of Kharqan, Khartooran and Biarjomand rural areas have been more than others countryside.

In the current situation where the high cost of travel along with the concerns caused by urbanization does not allow all citizens of Tehran to attend the pleasant climate outside the city, it seems that one of the most desirable ways to ward off fatigue and everyday life is to take refuge in urban parks such as Ab'o Atash park. Congestion, Bad economic situation and lack of time in Tehran have made urban parks have a major role in filling citizens leisure time.The need to pay attention to urban parks and the satisfaction of citizens from them are the main framework of this research. In the present study, first, by studying the theoretical background of the research, the researchers extracted the most important factors affecting the satisfaction of tourists, which have the highest frequency and can be measured in the park under study, and designed the research questionnaire. The results of field studies were analyzed after entering SPSS and LISREL software; The results of Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the validity of all research variables and all research indicators were evaluated as effective on the satisfaction of Ab'o Atash park tourists; also,

Urban areas are often considered very important tourist destinations due to their many historical and cultural attractions. For this reason, urban facilities and equipment are among the most important factors that can attract international and domestic tourists in a city. Therefore, this study examines the development of tourism and green indicators of smart urban growth in the city of Isfahan and evaluates the role and impact of three green indicators, urban furniture and arrays, sidewalks and green spaces. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and survey method and is applied in terms of applicability. Using a questionnaire to collect basic information and using SPSS and PLS software, it was found that the three green indicators of furniture and urban arrays, sidewalks and green spaces based on the proposed research model have a positive impact and role in development. Isfahan tourism and the results performed on a sample of people in Isfahan, showed that the index of urban green spaces has a greater impact on the development of tourism in the region than the other two indicators and the index of furniture and urban arrays and sidewalks are in the next categories.

Investigating institutional factors is one of the strategic ways to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities in the sports tourism industry.The purpose of this study is to identify the institutional factors affecting the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism industry with a focus on sports tourism in Iran. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is a qualitative research in which the systematic data method and Glaser approach were used to analyze the data.Interview was the main method of data collection in this study, which was purposefully interviewed with 25 experts. Interview questions were regulated on the regulatory-legal-administrative, normative-cultural, cognitive-educational and guidance-support dimensions that affect the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. At the same time as collecting data and conducting interviews, data analysis was performed.Based on the results of the research, finally 74 indicators of factors affecting the use of entrepreneurial opportunities for sports tourism in Iran were identified, which after coding these indicators were classified into 11 central factors, of which 4 final dimensions emerged.According to the research findings, it can be concluded that in order to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities in the sports tourism industry, the identified institutional factors should be used with greater convergence.

International tourism is one of the important variables that have positive effects on economic growth. But because of the negative environmental effects of carbon dioxide emissions, some of the positive effects on economic growth may be diminished. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the modulating role of carbon dioxide emissions in the impact of international tourism on economic growth in the short and long term and to what extent can its positive effects affect economic growth? For this purpose, the selected Islamic countries of Southwest Asia, including Iran, have been selected due to their homogeneity, common economic that exist between these countries. Then, by collecting the required information and statistics in the period 2017-2000 in the framework of panel models, the Generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to estimate the short-term relationship, and the FMOLS average estimator was used to estimate the long-term relationship. Is. The results show that, firstly, the effect of international tourism on economic growth in the short and long term is positive and significant. Second, increasing carbon dioxide emissions will reduce some of the positive effects of international tourism on economic growth in the short and long term.

Eco-lodge is a factor in improving the living standards of the local community and increasing the sustainability of the destination, but there is little knowledge about the impact of understanding these benefits on eco-lodge demand. Therefore, the present study, with emphasis on the spiritual motivations of responsible travel, is dedicated to examining the effect of understanding these benefits as well as Norms of mental emphasis and descriptive on the demand for eco-lodge. The research is of applied type. The statistical population of the study was tourists in Yazd, the results were analyzed using partial least squares structural equations. The results showed that perceived benefits have a positive and significant effect on the demand for eco-lodges, and descriptive mental norms have an indirect effect on this demand by perceived benefits. As a result, in order to increase the demand for eco-lodge, it was proposed to increase tourists' awareness of the benefits of eco-lodge for the destination (focusing on reference groups). Also, recommendations were made to change the attitude of marketers and focus on spiritual marketing.

Today, the purpose of tourists from travelling to destinations isn't accessing to tourism products and services, but they want to experience things which directly acquire tourism products and services. present research is done based on the inductive approach to identify and prioritize factors affecting the experience of foreign cultural tourists who visited Tehran.It is done in qualitative and quantitative by thematic analysis method. The research sample in the qualitative section, are documents which derived from the comments of tourists in TripAdvisor website, in 2015-2018, it is related to visiting attractions included Tabiat Bridge, Milad Tower, Azadi Tower, Darband, Tehran Bazaar, Golestan Palace, National Museum of Iran and National Jewelry Treasury in Tehran.The researcher in addition to identifying the content after studying theoretical foundations, research backgrounds and various sources and confirming and selecting them, to measure the validity of the research in the qualitative section used the views of the supervisor, advisor and experts. . Doing this research lasted from June 2018 to February 2019. The results of the study indicate that the factors affecting the experience of foreign cultural tourists who visited Tehran includes 11 main categories and 33 key indicators.

tourism is a tool for development,. development is achieved by policy and principled planning, the present paper aims to examine policy learning in Iran tourism planning, policy and laws by focusing on the first to sixth development plans of Iran. The research method in this research is based on process policy including three stages: 1- Analysis of the current situation; 2- Analysis of existing policies and programs; 3- Developing policy issues (learning). the first step is to identify the key issues and bottlenecks in the tourism industry. Therefore, this was done through library reviews in the programs (National Tourism Plan Document and Iran's Comprehensive Tourism Development Plan) and key issues were identified in 5 categories. After that, by reviewing the first to sixth development plans and laws and regulations, by analyzing the central issues, the policies used so far were analyzed. The above analyzes led to the formulation of policy issues (policy learning) that learning is the do's and don'ts of policy that should be considered in the field of policy interventions and future tourism programs.

accepting the role of tourism in many small cities can improve the status of the urban economy and improve living conditions, but the main requirement is branding for this group of cities that have been neglected. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify effective indicators of internal and external development based on the urban branding approach in order to make tourism a role in small towns in Kurdistan province. The research method is descriptive and analytical and the statistical population includes 60 experts from municipalities and public, governmental and private sectors in Kurdistan province. The results of factor analysis method in this research show that among the 20 research indicators, "activities", "public facilities and services" and "slogans" are the most important internal criteria, and on the other hand, "advertising", "logos". "Institutional-infrastructure support" are the most important external factors influencing the acceptance or non-acceptance of new roles in order to brand the acceptance of the role of tourism in small towns of Kurdistan province.

Iran is one of the countries that have various capabilities for tourism development with its various tourist attractions. However, the existence of these attractions alone has not been able to bring success for Iran's tourism and increase the competitiveness of Iran's tourism industry compared to other tourist destinations. Since the development of a country's tourism competitiveness depends on the competitiveness of its domestic destinations, it is necessary to primarily develop the competitiveness of Iran's domestic tourism destinations. In this direction, there are various challenges that Iran cities are facing and they must be identified. The purpose of this study is to identify challenges facing Iran cities in the field of tourism competitiveness and provide integrated solutions to strengthen their competitiveness. First, the initial conceptual model of competitiveness of Iran touristic cities was developed by reviewing the research literature. Then, using a questionnaire approved by experts, the conceptual model of the research was tested with the opinions of experienced tour guides and a path analysis method based on PLS. Research findings including demographic data, descriptive statistics of variables and inferential findings were analyzed. Solutions and suggestions for each of factors that have challenged the competitiveness of Iran touristic cities were presented.