نشریه شناخت اجتماعی
پیاپی 20 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

This study aimed to compare the executive functions of patients with hoarding disorder and normal people in city of Mashhad.

This research is descriptive and causal-comparative. The study population included all patients referred to the mental health center in Mashhad in 118 patients in first six months of year 1396. From these people, 30 patients with hoarding disorder were chosen by convenience sampling method. To select sampling group 30 normal adults were chosen which they were matched in age, gender, education, socio - economic situations and they were chosen by convenience sampling method. The SCID-structured interviews, revision saving inventory of Frost & estekety (SI-R) was used to select sampling group.To review executive functions N-back and interested visiual and audio continuous test (IVA +) was used.

The data analysis was conducted in two parts. The first part was devoted to descriptive findings at this stage of statistical indicators such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. In the second part of the study focused on testing the hypothesis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and homogeneity of variances by the Levene test was runed.

Between two groups of people with hoarding disorder and normal people there was a significant difference in terms of EF scores (p<0/05). Between two groups of people with hoarding disorder and normal people there was a significant difference in terms of working memory (F1=154/465; p=0/001) and sustained attention scores (F1=0/785; p=0/534), but in terms of response inhibition scores there was no significant difference between this two groups (F1=12/485; p=0/001).

The World Health Organization recently released the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases with the inclusion of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD). ICD-11 construed CPTSD as a disorder comprising of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbance of self-organization (DSO) domains. Despite the growing research on the study of this diagnostic class, to date no research has been done on the symptoms and risk factors for this disorder in Iran. The present study was conducted to identify the signs and risk factors in the form of mediating variables (mentalization and emotional processing). In this study, cross-sectional descriptive research design and correlational research modeling with path analysis were used. Sampling was done from 17 to 60 years traumatized women and girls and the International Trauma Questionnaire, Checklist of Traumatic Experiences, Mentalization Scale and Emotional Processing Scale were completed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that mentalization and emotional processing have a significant mediating role in the relationship between traumatic experiences and PTSD and CPTSD. As a result given the role of mentalization and emotional processing in the relationship between traumatic experiences and PTSD and CPTSD, training in emotion regulation processes and strengthening mentalization skills can be effective in preventing these two disorders and raising the level of adjustment.

Resistance to current hard conditions (coronavirus) is important and enduring emotional distress and using different emotion regulation strategies have an important impact on how people cope with stressful situations. The present study was conducted to predict the resilience of individuals based on emotional distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study. The study sample consisted of 397 participants who joined online sessions. Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), and distress Tolerance Scale (2005) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results of regression analysis showed that five variables (positive refocusing, rumination, refocusing on planning, commenting, and blaming) together could predict 0.449% of the variance of resilience (R2 = 0.449). Also, from the 4 sub-components of the distress Tolerance Scale, three components of mental distress estimation, adjusting efforts to relieve anxiety, and being absorbed by negative emotions together were able to predict 0.531% of the resilience variable.

Adopting adaptive strategies for emotion regulation and coping skills of emotional distress and reducing maladaptive strategies for emotion regulation is a very important factor in establishing educational programs and psychological interventions. Therefore, the implementation of electronic and virtual workshops is useful.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders are disorders in which the development of the brain or central nervous system is impaired during development and, as a person grows, they negatively affect memory, learning ability, emotions, and social relationships. To improve the dimensions of development, including cognitive, emotional, emotional and social cognition of these people, there are various programs, among which teaching the theory of mind, is one of the most controversial issues in developmental psychology. The present study was conducted by meta-analysis method with the aim of combining the researches done in the field of teaching the theory of mind and developmental dimensions of learners with developmental neurological disorders. The statistical population of the present meta-analysis is the available research related to teaching the theory of mind and the dimensions of growth, which were published between 2009 and 1400. Based on the defined criteria of entry and exit of initial studies and sensitivity analysis, 64 effect sizes from 22 initial studies were reviewed and analyzed by CMA software. The results showed that the effect size of the random model summary was equal to 0.687 which was statistically significant and indicates the positive effect of teaching the theory of mind and applying it on the developmental dimensions cognition of children.

The aim of this study was to developing the structural models of social competence in high school girl students based on the positive emotions, psychological capital and body image.

The research method applied in this study was correlational and structural equation modeling. Statistical population of this study was all secondary school students of Sabzevar in the academic year 2019-2020. The statistical sample was 200 female high school students that have been selected by cluster sampling. Watson, Clark and Telgen positive emotions questionnaire, Luthans and Luthans psychological capital questionnaire, Winsted and Janda body image questionnaire and Parandin social competence questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Bootstrap and Sobel tests using SPSS and Amos version 24.

The results indicated that positive emotions and body image in interaction with the role of psychological capital are involved in explaining the models of social competence in high school qirls, in which case the variance of social competence in high school qirls through variables of the model is explained by 37% in total. The direct effect of psychological capital (0.20), positive emotions (0.15) and body image (0.48) were significant in estimating social competence in student. Also, the results showed that the indirect effects of positive emotions (t-value = 1.9) and body image (t-value = 2.18) through conversation orientation on student's social competence were significant.

Considering the direct and indirect effects of the exogenous and mediating variables social competence, it can be concluded that social competence can be increased by enhancing positive emotions, psychological capital and body image.

The aim of this study wasCheck to the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on cognitive flexibility, perceived stress, quality of life, adherence to treatment and biomarkers (A1C) in patients with type 2 diabetes.The present study was a quasi-experimental study and its design was divided into two experimental groups and a control group with three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up (Six months). The statistical population of the present study included all patients with type 2 diabetes who had a file in the Isfahan Diabetes Association in 1398 and 1399 . The sample size was considered for each group of 15 people. The sampling method was purposive and individuals were randomly selected into two groups of acceptance and commitment therapy (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). In this study, data were used using demographic characteristics questionnaire, cognitive flexibility questionnaire, perceived stress questionnaire, adherence therapy questionnaire, quality of life questionnaire for diabetic patients, acceptance and practice questionnaire, second edition and glycosylated hemoglobin test (E.NOC). (HbA1c) were obtained. The results showed that there acceptance and commitment based therapy on cognitive flexibility, perceived stress, quality of life, adherence to treatment and biomarkers (A1C) in patients with type 2 diabetes

Self-injury is a mechanism that adolescents use to protect their fragile self against pressures caused by adolescence pressures causing serious somatic and psychological harm. It is necessary to find the most appropriate information on this structure and effective factors to prevent or mitigate such behaviors among adolescents. Hence, the research aims to this study was to model the structural relationships between social cognition and identity styles and self-injury behaviors with mediating role of self-compassion in adolescents. The research method was correlational, structural equations modeling type. The statistical population of study included all adolescents aged 14-16 years, studying in public schools in Karaj in the academic year of 2020-2021, of which 247 people were selected online and through virtual networks using the Identity Styles Inventory (Berzonsky, 1989) Social Cognition Inventory (Nejati, et al., 2018), Self-Injury Behavior Inventory (Klonsky and Glenn, 2009) Self-compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). Results of evaluation of the proposed model by structural equations in SPSS23 and Smart PLS3 software showed the direct and negative significant effects of identity styles (P < 0.01) and self-compassion (P < 0.05) on self-injury behaviors. The direct and negative effects of social cognition on self-injury behaviors are significant (P < 0.05), but the indirect effect of social cognition on self-injury behaviors is not significant.

Memory conformity occurs when people's memory is affected by each other. It has also been shown that our memory is better for stimuli with the emotional valence. People's empathy also affects the extent to which they are affected by emotional stimuli. This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotional valence of to be remembered images on memory conformity and the role of empathy in this regard.

400 randomly selected female university students screened for empathy based on statistical power analysis, the final sample of 60 people was randomly selected from the upper and lower quartiles of empathy scores. The Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE) and a recognition memory test using the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) was used to collect data.

The results of one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Split-Plot (mixed) analysis of variance (SPANOVA) for data analysis showed that memory conformity occurred in images with negative emotional valence less than other levels of emotional valence (p<0.005). There was no significant difference between participants with high and low empathy in terms of memory conformity in images with different emotional valence.

Although there was no difference in the degree of memory conformity between high and low empathy individuals, individuals experience memory conformity at all emotional valences. This conformity is greater in information without emotional capacity.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that is spreading around the world very fast. One of the affaires recommended from the first days of the epidemic to prevent the further spread of the virus is to follow health protocols. Despite repeated recommendations, a significant portion of people still have difficulty to follow these protocols while intending to do so. The purpose of this study was the explanation of the intention-behavior gap in following the health protocols of coronavirus based on trait self-control and executive functions variables.

Methodology of this research was causal-comparative and the statistical population of this study was adults who had access to the Internet. The research sample consisted of 60adults who were selected by convenience sampling method and inclusion criteria, and after matching in two groups with high and low intention-behavior gap were replaced. Participants in this study answered to Tanji self-control scale (2004), Wisconsin card sorting test (1948), Go/nogo test (2002), N-back test (1958), and intention-behavior researcher-made scale. To analyze data Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were used.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of self-control, but there was a significant difference in terms of executive functions (P = 0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that executive functions play a key role in transforming individuals' intentions into behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between defense mechanisms, identity styles, hardiness and assertiveness with resiliency in early, mid, and late adolescence.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. Accordingly, from all high school students in Jam city in 2017-2018 academic year, 300 persons (150 girls and 150 boys) were selected using simple random sampling method and completed hardiness inventory, assertiveness scale, defense mechanisms inventory, and identity styles scale and resiliency scale.

The results showed that there was no positive and significant relationship between information identity style, confused / avoidant and normative identity style with resilience. There was a positive and significant relationship between courage and resilience. There were positive and significant relationship between assertiveness and hardiness with resilience. There was a positive and significant relationship between developed defense mechanisms and resilience. There was no significant relationship between underdeveloped defense mechanisms and resilience. There was a significant negative relationship between neurotic defense mechanism and resilience. It was also shown that the mean of information identity style increases in late adolescence and there was no significant difference between male and female adolescents in terms of the studied variables.

Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that assertiveness and then hardiness and developed defense mechanisms are the most important predictors of adolescent resilience. At the end, the suggestions and limitations of the research were stated.

Yang schema-based treatment model is an innovative combination of cognitive behavioral therapy with Gestalt and thematic relationships of psychoanalytic approaches. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of schema-focused cognitive group therapy training on modulating early maladaptive schemas in adolescent girls from divorced families. The research was conducted within the framework of a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls from the divorce family in Ghaemshahr welfare in 2018, from which 40 people were selected as the available sample and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. To collect information in this study, Yang (1988) early maladaptive schemas questionnaire was used and according to the subjects' designs were measured in two stages before and after group training. The executive program was performed for 8 sessions of 90-minute group training for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any training. Univariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data and the findings indicated that the cognitive group therapy focused on schema, on the areas of cut / exclusion, self-management and impaired function, impaired constraints and other orientation in adolescent girls from Ghaemshahr divorce family is affected. The result of the study confirms the effectiveness of schema therapy in correcting maladaptive schemas and is able to help adolescent girls from the divorce family to adjust the schemas and can be used as a fruitful model in psychological counseling of girls living in welfare.