دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال نوزدهم شماره 108 (امرداد و شهریور 1400)

This paper aims to evaluate the changes of terms of trade of chemical products of Iran, using fisher index and export and import data of 2011-2018. The results show that although the country's chemical exports have grown positively in recent years, but Iran's terms of trade in these products has been significantly decreasing since 2013. In other words, in order to import a unit of weight from the same basket of chemical products in 2014 (base year), the country has had to export more chemical products in terms of weight every year. This terms of trade situation shows a serious weakness in the country's manufacturing policy and trade strategies. Considering global price growth and the global price level of chemical products can be a proper policy to improve the terms of trade, which means moving toward more complex chemical products with higher technology content. The most important step to do this is moving towards more complex chemical products, or in other words, upgrading in the production chain and move to manufacturing the intermediate and downstream chemical products. To do this, creating the necessary conditions for concluding trade agreements, liberalizing financial markets, attracting foreign direct investment and to push domestic investment to intermediate and downstream chemical industries are important tools for making products complicated.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of short-term and long-term factors such as real exchange rate, domestic production of products of the melons, the ratio of domestic prices to world prices and income importing countries on export volume. Using the data and information gathered from different formal national and international sources, the supply function of melons products are estimated by ARDL model. Microfit and Eviews software. The results show a significant positive effect of production and a significant negative effect on world prices than domestic prices in the short term and long term on the volume of exports. So depending on the direction of government policy to reduce or increase the export of melons, changes in domestic prices to world prices (through changes in export tariffs) as well as changes in domestic production (through changes in cropping patterns and changes in farmers support system) can be effective.

To achieve competitive advantage, organizations need to build the infrastructure that can be achieved through the implementation of investment projects in the organization. On the other hand, limited resources prevent the implementation of all potential projects, and prioritizing and selecting among them would be necessary. When evaluating investment projects, it is important to consider a variety of criteria and organization's mission and strategy along with well-known economic indicators in a decision-making model to make it closer to the real-world situations. In many organizations, unclear viewpoints, and sometimes personal tastes, instead of having an integrated system according to specific and measured criteria for decision making, influences the choice of the projects. This paper presents a multi-criteria prioritization model of integrative AHP and SAW, for evaluating investment projects in Mobarakeh Steel Company, which describes the appropriate criteria and how to measure them along with the priority determination method. Applying of the proposed model in practice to systematically select the projects reduces the chance of project elimination after approval, while decreases the personal manner. The application of the proposed model on the set of investment projects of the company in 1997 shows the compliance of more than 85% of the obtained prioritization with what has happened in practice. T

Over the last few years, the emergence of new technologies and the enormous changes in global markets have made supply chain management increasingly essential, supply chain of agents and organizations ranging from product (service) to end-use and even open cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the enabling effects of using sustainable supply chain management and its impact on the competitive advantage of Iranian companies. The statistical population of this study consists of managers and employees of small and medium-sized companies located in industrial estates of Tehran province. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, divergent validity, convergent validity, and LISLER are used. Cronbach's alpha test is also used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which is higher than 0.79 for each of the variables, indicating that the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The findings indicate that enabling the use of sustainable supply chain management has a significant impact on the competitive advantage of Iranian companies. Given that the variables of the research findings indicate that the enablers of using sustainable supply chain management and its impact on the competitive advantage of Iranian companies have a significant impact, we can use the different approaches presented in the proposals.

To develop internal marketing model metrics based on corporate governance in Iran's sugar industry. These metrics are tailored to the nature of activities, environmental conditions, and the expectations of internal and external stakeholders in the company and the local community.The method of research is applied in terms of type. The components and indicators of the World Reporting Organization are considered as a primary guide in developing model metrics. Then, based on exploratory studies, theoretical foundations, internal and external backgrounds, corporate sustainability reports, and initial metrics are used as the basis for the Delphi questionnaire. Sampling is done in a judgmental, purposeful and accessible manner and during which 21 members of the panel are selected and a survey is conducted in two rounds. Accordingly, the first round Delphi questionnaire with 16 components and 108 items with a 5-point Likert scale is prepared. The content validity method is used to determine the validity of the questionnaire in this study. The reliability of the questionnaire is 0.972 with Cronbach's alpha. SPSS software version 26 is used for data analysis.

The results show that out of 108 primary measures of internal marketing, corporate governance and corporate sustainability, 88 measures have a significant level and are acceptable and valid.

There is a positive and significant relationship between internal marketing metrics based on corporate governance and corporate sustainability.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model of the consequences of brand personality with the combined approach of meta-analysis and interpretive structural modeling. The present research is practical in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of usage and quantitative in terms of data type. In the present study, first, the consequences of brand personality from 40 articles published in scientific journals and master's theses in the period of 2011 to 2019 are identified and extracted by meta-analysis method. In the next step, using the interpretive structural modeling technique and based on the opinions of 12 experts of SAIPA Automotive Company, the mentioned consequences are ranked and relations among them are modeled. Based on the meta-analysis findings, among the consequences of brand personality, brand impact, customer satisfaction, communication quality, brand development, perceived value, brand loyalty, customer lifetime value and brand equity had the highest effect size. Based on the results of interpretive structural modeling, the consequences of brand personality were at six levels, so that the brand impact variable has the most impact and the customer life value variable has the most influence.

This study aims to investigate the effect of perceived brand equity value and their consequence on online buy. The present study is descriptive-survey research. The statistical population includes all the customers who have bought from Dijikala website, a sample size of 383 customers are selected based on random stratified sampling. SPSS 22 is run for confirmatory factor analysis and Lisrel 8.80 used to conduct structural equation modeling to analyze the relationship between the research constructs. The results show that brand quality, brand price, social value and emotional value of brand have significant and positive effect on consumer hope. The resolts, also clearly showe significant and positive effect on consumer hope. On the other hand, goal achievement increases trust and commitment to the company, which ultimately leads to consumer satisfaction.

Guarantee is one of the fundamental institutions in the field of civil law and, of course, commercial law and especially in subject to commercial documents. Meanwhile, due to the silence of the commercial law, a dispute has emerged in Iran's judicial system in association with the method of guaranteeing in commercial documents. Of course, it should be noted that there is no doubt about the validation of guarantee by means of a sponsor signature, that’s so lame. Therefore, in this research, we are trying to answer these questions: 1) How far and under what circumstances, oral warranties in commercial documents are acceptable? 2) If oral warranties are accepted by the judicial system, is this defendable in the field of commercial law or civil law? The hypothesis of this research is that, the guarantee in commercial documents can also be done by verbal speech, provided that it can be proved, and it is defendable in the field of commercial law. This research is based on the qualitative and quantitative methods and not only it studies legal provisions about guarantees in the field of civil and commercial law, but also it examines the existing conflicting procedures.This article will be presented in two main sections: The first part deals with the basic concepts and the other part examines the nature of the guarantee in the commercial documents.