دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 122 (آذر و دی 1402)

Regional economic-trade convergence, while seen as a move towards globalization, has significant benefits for member countries and regional arrangements. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the success of economic convergence and regional trade efficiency of Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member countries and Iran. For this purpose, the two main criteria of “homogeneity and degree of convergence of macroeconomic indicators” and “efficiency of intra-regional trade” for the Eurasian Economic Union member countries and Iran during the period 2000-2020 have been measured and evaluated. On the one hand, the results of the study of “homogeneity and degree of convergence of macroeconomic indicators” show that with economic convergence, the scope and gap of per capita income has decreased for some countries and increased for others. On the other hand, the results of the study on the “efficiency of intra-regional trade” show that during the period under review, the increase in the share of intra-regional trade between the EAEU and Iran has not been in line with trade development. In fact, the development and deepening of intra-regional trade has not only not led to the development of EAEU-Iran trade, but has also led to trade diversion. The analysis of strengths and opportunities, as well as weaknesses, threats and challenges, suggests that the lack of intra-regional trade development is due to the members’ export structure, and therefore, the possibility of intra-regional trade development and economic convergence in this union is weak. At the same time, it is hoped that by enhancing the economic structure of member countries and joint economic cooperation, it will be possible to reap the benefits of economic convergence.

“IMT” sector is the cornerstone of policy making in this field. So, this study uses the problem tree technique to explain the main issues and challenges. Firstly, based on latest performance of 6th development plan law, a hierarchical and operational method has been used for determining, structuring and analyzing of limitations and gaps in the progress of the “IMT” sector aims. Secondly, the roots of the problems have been calculated using the information of 22 provincial industrial, mining and commercial organizations. The results of the surveys showed that the most important issues and challenges can be considered in: Limitation in the creation of higher added value; Restrictions on the development of industrial and mineral investments; Limitation in technological content and complexity of manufactured products; Restrictions on goods and services’ competitiveness; Limitation in employment creation and limitations in the production and distribution chain. The mentioned issues are rooted in cases such as Effects of external impulses; Macroeconomic environment instability; High centralism in policy matters; Heavy bureaucracy, complexity and inconsistency in some processes; Difficulty of issuing some licenses; Lack of attention to practical considerations in planning; Lack of financial resources; Human resource problems; Inadequacy of infrastructure and system problems. The signs and roots of the problems include production reduction and loss of competitiveness; Increase in price and decrease in quality; Allocative inefficiency and distributive inefficiency.

Most organizations face a challenge in making strategic decisions in the current business environment. In this regard, business analysis integrates the data of an organization and provides analytical reports for the decision-making of the managers, and therefore can indirectly affect the economic performance of the company. But on the other hand, the ineffectiveness of business analysis on performance has many negative effects that could be examined. On the other hand, the quality of information and innovation capabilities with the impact of business analysis and organization agility through increasing the flexibility, speed and quality of the organization can be effective in this process. The purpose of the study is to examine the role of business analysis on the agility and performance of tile and ceramic factories. The sample size includes 360 employees and managers of Yazd province using the Cochran formula, and a questionnaire used for collecting information. In terms of purpose, this is an applied study and descriptive in nature. Hypotheses were developed based on the theoretical background of business intelligence, business analysis and performance management. The results indicate the significant effect of business analysis capabilities on information quality (with a path coefficient of 0.598) and innovation capabilities (with a path coefficient of 0.463). Information quality and innovation capabilities effect on the dependent variable of agility with path coefficients of 0.482 and 0.359, respectively. The effect of agility path on performance has the highest path coefficient (0.770).

one of the most important problems in the country today, it is possible to create opportunities for youth employment through various economic methods, including cooperatives. It should be kept in mind that in the growth and development of any country, the issue of poverty and unemployment rate are important indicators, the improvement of which leads to more success in the implementation of development programs. Cooperative companies are one of the most important non-governmental organizations whose success and advantage are realized in poverty reduction programs. The main goal of the research was to investigate the Importance and role of rural cooperatives in the economy of iran, which was carried out with the foundations data approach.

The data collection tool was semi- structured interview and research participants were management and entrepreneurship department professors, heads of cooperatives and entrepreneurs. Sampling was done in a targeted way, and 13 people were interviewed. The sample selection proceeded according to the snowball and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding and its requirements. In this research, in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the questions, the method of matching by members and the method of intra- subject agreement were used.Results and Disclusion: Factors affecting the Importance and role employment generation in rural cooperatives include: individual characteristics, social factors, locational factors, government, educational and research centers, employment generation, profitability, formulation and strategic planning, economic factors, environmental factors and employment generation in rural cooperatives.

According to the obtained results, employment creation in rural cooperatives has directly affected the reduction of poverty through the economic and social progress of the members. Also, peoples participation and awareness are the most effective for the presence of people in rural cooperatives. Today, cooperatives as a people’s institution can play a big role in the economic development of villages, valuable economic and social activities are not hidden from anyone. Providing financial facilities, creating welfare facilities, working in the field of business and marketing, providing services at a low price, eliminating middlemen, etc. is a confirmation of the claim of the positive economic impact of these institutions in the villages. Experiences in the role and importance of rural cooperatives in job creation show that although job creation requires extensive planning, cooperatives can play an effective role in this process. In this context, the economic, social, environmental, etc. conditions in the region should be taken into consideration. Cooperatives should win the trust of members by creating motivation and providing conditions for coordination and cooperation. Of course, it should be noted that the capabilities of cooperatives indicate an increase in the income of its members and a reduction in the risk of economic activities.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of export diversification on income inequality in Iran using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and data for the period 1984 to 2018. To this end, the Gini coefficient was employed as the income inequality index and non-oil export diversification was calculated using Herfindahl-Hirschman index and considering the export value of various export goods.
The results of the cointegration test show that diversification initially increases income inequality but after reaching a certain amount it causes to a decrease in income inequality. The results prove an inverted U-shape relation between income inequality and export diversification. Also, the empirical results indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and income inequality, thus confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis. On the other hand, the empirical results show that an increase in the size of the government leads to an increase in income inequality, but the inflation rate does not have a significant effect on inequality. These findings have important policy implications in order to improve export diversification to reduce income inequality.

The cement industry is one of the key industries in economic development and plays a significant role in the development of the country’s infrastructure. The aim of the current research is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the cement industry and to provide solutions to improve it in order to realize the vision document of the industry, as well as recommendations for policy makers in the seventh economic development plan. In this research, the state of the cement industry has been described based on reports and statistics, and further, analytically based on articles, reports and related documents, suggestions have been presented to strengthen the cement industry. According to the results of the current research, the high capacity of cement production, access to high-quality raw materials and abundant energy resources are among the most important strengths of the cement industry; And the directive policy to control the base price in the commodity exchange, the excess production and supply of cement and the limited market for this product, the reduction of the construction budget and economic stagnation in the country are among the most important weaknesses of the cement industry. One of the most important opportunities available is the proximity to the target markets, the construction development program of the 13th government and the demand for cement to build 4 million national houses and discover new export markets. One of the most important threats is the possibility of freeing the energy rate and increasing the energy consumption rate, environmental restrictions and imposing restrictions on the import of cement by the export target countries through the imposition of tariffs. On this basis, the continuous implementation of housing construction plans for low-income groups, improvement of construction budgets through the implementation of performance-based budgeting in devices and the resulting savings...; Improving the business environment is one of the effective factors in economic prosperity by removing annoying laws, creating investment security, removing international restrictions, ... with the efforts and assistance of the judiciary, the Ministry of Security and Economy, etc.; Strengthening the country’s foreign policy and economic diplomacy in order to support exports by carrying out some activities such as untangling banking restrictions in order to solve the problem of excess production and supply of cement, among the solutions and recommendations for policymakers to improve the state of the cement industry.

Examining the market of Turkmenistan and the situation of exporting Iranian products to this country is very Important due to the important of Turkmenistan as one of the neighbors of Iran, as well as the cultural and historical commonalities between them. In order to achieve this goal, the purpose of this research is to estimate the trade capacity between these two countries and to find goods with the ability to export from Iran to Turkmenistan in the period from 2017 to 2021, which was used from library data and official and international websites and indicators such as revealed comparative advantage, simple commercial potential and trade openness. The findings of the research show that there is a possibility of expanding Iran’s exports to the Turkmenistan market since 2017, and Iran’s greatest export capability to this country in the last 5 years has been related to products such as Iron and steel rods, medicines and metal skeletons, which The amount of use of this capacity is small considering the actual export of our country to Turkmenistan, and this requires Signing of cooperation agreements between the two countries in the field of mining and pharmaceuticals - sending and accepting trade delegations in the field of steel products, construction and pharmaceuticals, as well as create joint factories in special economic zones in the fields of the mentioned products, signing preferential trade agreements and also solving problems In front of Iranian businessmen, especially in the field of mentioned goods, including facilitating the transfer of money and supply of wagons.