نامه الهیات
سال چهاردهم شماره 54 (بهار 1400)

The Shiva religious tradition is one of the ancient Hindu forms that has its origins in the long-standing civilization of the Indus Valley and its various branches are still widely followed throughout the Indian subcontinent. This tradition, like other religions and sects, has special rituals called "rites of passage" which are performed in four stages of a person's life (ie, birth, marriage, marriage and death). These mirrors, known as "samskareh", are in fact religious rituals that are performed in order to mark important milestones in the progress of the life of Shiva believers, and their purpose is to formalize and bless each stage, determine duties and rights. Religious people are to protect people from the harmful effects of the environment, and finally, to ensure a constructive and continuous relationship with God. Marriage deception is also an experience of connection between Shiva and Shakti and involves a godly view of the marital partner.

It has been a long time that intellectual and ideological sects appeared. During the past recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of many newly-developed spiritually-oriented movements and their increasing development and extention worldwide. Due to their apparant enticing temptations, they could attract lots of people’s attention to their programs. Processing spirituality harmonized with humanism and secularism within modern and pleasant frameworks to people resulted in the emergence of newly-developed spiritually-oriented sects. These sects are so varied that they can satisfy any sort of taste. Secularism, in which religion is getting individualized, is so widely used that hundreds of thousands of so-called religious and spiritually-oriented sects would be created in this way, which are against religious spiritualism.This study tries to investigate the characteristics of newly-developed spiritualities and discuss some underlying causes for their variety, all of which have an “irreligious identity”.

The issue of obligations is one of the most important and fundamental issues in law. One of the types of commitment to the validity of the subject is optional commitment. An optional obligation is an obligation that consists of two or more issues and the performance of one of the issues is sufficient to fulfill the covenant and causes the acquittal of the obligee. These obligations are recognized in the law of many countries and are very common in their trade. Despite the many benefits of such obligations, such as greater guarantee and ease in implementing the obligation and preventing the dissolution of the obligation, it is not mentioned in the Iranian legal system and has not received much attention among jurists and jurists and only brief discussions in jurisprudence and The rights are stated in this regard. There is also disagreement in jurisprudence and law about the validity of optional obligations, and many have questioned the validity of such an obligation for reasons such as arrogance, uncertainty, and uncertainty, but none seem to These arguments cannot undermine its validity. In the present study, according to the existing principles in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, the validity of optional obligations has been investigated.

The intellectual and cultural heritage of any society is the highway of its life that passed down from generation to generation, and each generation according to their needs offers interpretations for it. As Islam is one of the religions based on revelation and text-based; Naturally, the religious culture derived from it is known by the; the text of the Qur'an and the hadiths of the Prophet and other infallible Imams. At the same time with the progression of science, our understanding of the scriptures needs to be appropriate and in line with it. Holy books such as Nahj al-Balaghah when studied as a "text", they can get closer to the reality of human life and reach the ability to adapt to it, and thus better understanding and greater utilization of them be obtained. The need to examine this issue becomes clearer when the position of Imam Ali should be considered as an intellectual and cultural model. So far, a lot of research has been done on Nahj al-Balaghah but its understanding as a text, Its historical background, culture and conditions of its time and the style of expression in Nahj al-Balaghah is concentratedly, However, paying attention to these issues along with the study of Hadithdocument and jurisprudence provides a basis for achieving a "scientific understanding" of the text. This study examines the 28th letter of Nahj al-Balaghah from this perspective in order to determine the validity of the text and to utilize of its cultural intellectual context.

In the Shiite school, the imamate is one of the fundamental and doctrinal principles. Throughout the history of Islam, great Shiite scholars and thinkers have attempted to prove and explain the chapters and major dimensions of this ideological axis. In this regard, Mansour Bara'ati, a contemporary Shia thinker and commentator, has tried to provide a clear picture of the Quran by writing interpretive maxims and paying special attention to the subject of imamology. The authors of this article intend to provide a descriptive and analytical answer to this fundamental question: what are the components of Bara'ati's thought to introduce and present homogeneous or new versions in imamology? The research results show that in some respects along with other Shia thinkers, Bara'ati considers the Imam to be the narrator of the Quran and the link with the Imam in his thought is seen as the link with the Quran. But the position of knowing the Imam in his mind is intuitive, non-acquirable, and to develop it, inner purity is necessary. Bara'ati believes that God is manifested by a mediator and that the main and important mediator is the existence of the Imam. If there is no divine argument, the earth will rage because of human sin; When the last divine authority leaves the earth, the world will be shaken and the manifestation of God will be immediate and the resurrection will begin.