فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، پاییز 1400)

Varicocele is one of the most common causes of male infertility in which testicular function and sperm production process are impaired. In this study, sperm parameters and sperm morphology were compared between patients with different varicocele grades.

This study was performed on 55 patients with grade 1, 2 and 3 varicocele as well as 32 fertile individuals (candidates for embryo donation or sex determination) as a control group. After collecting semen from patients, sperm parameters (number, motility and morphology of sperm) and sperm viability in different semen samples were examined. Also, sperm morphology (head, neck and tail length) was evaluated in different groups by stereology technique.

Sperm parameters including sperm count, motility and morphology were significantly lower in varicocele patients in comparison to control group and also sperm motility, survival, sperm count in the third degree varicocele group were significantly lower than other groups. There was no significant difference in sperm head volume and midline length between grade 1, 2 and 3 varicocele groups, but tail length in grade 3 varicocele group was significantly shorter than the other groups.Discussion and

Varicocele, in all its degrees, is associated with a decrease in morphology and sperm count. Also, our study shows that the degree of varicocele affects sperm motility, morphology and viability, and sperm tail length.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of infertility. One of assisted reproductive methods for PCOS patients is using of in-vitro maturation (IVM). Normal GDF-9 gene expression is one of the symptoms of good oocyte quality. This study examines the differences between quality of PCOS oocytes/follicles with normal oocytes/follicles during IVM.

Induction of PCOS in NMRI mice (n=10) was performed by injection of 4mg/kg estradiol valerate dissolved in 0.2mg sesame oil once daily for 60 days. Oocytes and follicles were collected from control and PCOS groups, and cultured in the MEM-α medium supplemented with 10% FBS for 24-48 hrs. The evaluation of IVM rate and GDF-9 gene expression (Real-Time PCR method) was performed in different groups. Statistical analysis was performed using one-Way ANOVA test.

In the PCOS group, a significant decrease was observed in the number of primary follicles, preantral, antral, and corpus luteum. Increased cystic follicles and follicles with degenerated granulosa layer were also observed. 52% and 50% of PCOS oocytes and follicles was matured, respectively. In the control group, 83.33% of oocytes and 75% of follicles matured (P<0.05). GDF-9 gene expression was 1.00±0.08 and 1.24±0.2 in normal oocytes and follicles (P<0.01) and 0.66±0.02 and 0.37±0.02 in PCOS oocytes and follicles, respectively (P<0.001).

Quality of PCOS oocytes, and especially, follicles (GDF-9 gene expression) was decreased following IVM. Therefore, using of PCOS oocytes was suggested for IVM

In this study the effect of garlic extract and its comparison with gentamicin antibiotic on three strains of S. aureus bacteria was evaluated based on antibiogram method and MIC test, the results of which confirm the anti-staphylococcal effect of garlic extract and its synergistic effect with gentamicin antibiotic. Based on phenotypic test, the effect of garlic extract and gentamicin alone and together on reducing the production of biofilm in this bacterium was evaluated and proven. The presence of icaA gene in the studied strains was confirmed by PCR and using Real time PCR technique, the expression of icaA gene under the treatment of garlic extract, gentamicin and the combined treatment of garlic and gentamicin compared to the untreated samples was studied. For the standard strain, gentamicin and garlic extract reduced icaA gene expression by 59% and 64%, respectively, and combined use of these two substances reduced the expression of this gene by about 25% compared to the control sample. In other words, it led to a 75% reduction in the expression of this gene. In the case of pathogenic strains, these treatments also showed a significant effect on reducing icaA expression, so that the simultaneous use of garlic extract and gentamicin could reduce the expression of this gene to 11% of the untreated sample. In other words, it leads to an 89% reduction in icaA expression. The results of all these tests showed the favorable effect of garlic extract against S. aureus.

the study estimated the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp. isolate from different clinical specimens. Primer design for Acinetobacter spp. was performed with Bioinformatics software Primer Express and Gene Runner. Primer authentication was performed by BLASTn online tool and Sequence Match program. Acinetobacter isolates were identified from different clinical specimens by standard biochemical methods and PCR tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and biofilm detection were performed for isolates identified by standard disk diffusion method according to CLSI protocol and Microtiter plate. Acinetobacter spp. were identified by designed primer with Query Cover and Per. Ident 100%. From 60 clinical samples, 243 bacterial isolates were obtained. 131 isolates (53.9%) were related to gram-positive bacteria and 112 isolates (46.09%) were gram-negative bacteria, of which 43 isolates (17.69%) Were identified as Acinetobacter spp. According to the PCR test, 31 strains (77.5%) were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii, 7 strains (17.5%) as Acinetobacter lwoffii, 2 strains (5%) as Acinetobacter junii. Antibiotic susceptibility study showed that all isolated strains were MDR and 87.5% of isolates were XDR. However, only 12.5% of the isolates were sensitive to carbapenems, All Acinetobacter isolates were biofilm positive and were identified as strong biofilms with a total mean of 0.213. According to the study, it is clear that infection with Acinetobacter can lead to significant challenges in the country's health care system in the future. To this end, finding solutions to prevent infection of this bacterial genus, especially Acinetobacter baumannii, is very important and necessary.

After breast cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Screening is recommended by examining prostate-specific antigen levels and performing accurate rectal tests, but there are still problems with the specificity and sensitivity of these tests. A group of diagnostic biomarkers are microRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that play a broad regulatory role in molecular signaling pathways in the cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the expression level of miR-25 in the urine of patients with prostate cancer (metastatic and non-metastatic groups) and healthy individuals.

70 urine samples from prostate cancer patients (32 metastatic and 38 non-metastatic) and 30 from healthy subjects with negative biopsy reports were collected. RNA was extracted with Trizol, after the cDNA synthesis, the expression level of miR-25 in the urine was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis of data was calculated with REST 2009.

The results showed that miR-25 significantly reduced expression in patients with prostate cancer compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.001). Also, miR-25 in the metastatic group (p = 0.002) had a lower expression than the non-metastatic group (p = 0.045) compared to healthy individuals.

The results of this study showed that miR-25 had a significant decrease in expression in patients with prostate cancer compared to healthy individuals, which with further studies is hoped to be able to diagnose patients with prostate cancer and even distinguish metastatic and non-metastatic groups.

Study of water stress effect in traits of crops is related to stress tolerance, increasing their growth and yield in stress situation.This research was performed to evaluate the impact of different irrigation regimes on cotton yield, fiber quality were conducted using a split-plot factorial design with four irrigation levels (rainfed, 33%, 66% and 100%) as the main factor. After physiological maturation, fiber performance and quality traits were evaluated.protein and phylogenetic properties have been evaluated by bioinformatics tools. The results indicated that the highest yield with 1.2 kg was observed in 66% irrigation treatment. The highest fiber weight was observed in 66% treatment and the lowest in rainfed conditions. Seeds grown under 66% irrigation saved more water and produced potential seeds with high quality fibers. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed that the intracellular locations of CesA and XET1 enzymes are plasma membrane and cell wall, respectively. The enzymes CesA and XET1 belong to the protein family of transferases and hydrolase, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of both cotton enzymes with co-family genera were separated in the Malvaceae . It appears that in order to grow cotton seeds with desirable fibers in low water conditions and in dry areas, it is better to use seeds that are irrigated under optimal irrigation conditions (66%). by cultivating cotton seeds with about one third of the water requirement in three years, in addition to reducing the amount of water requirement and irrigation water consumption, better yields can be achieved.

Neurodegenerative diseases induce apoptosis in neurons by affecting the central nervous system. Glia cells play an important role in preventing the progression of these diseases and increasing neuronal survival. The most important function of glia cells after neuronal survival is the secretion of neuroprotective factors. Neuroprotective factors secreted by astrocytes include TGFβ1, TGFβ2, GDNF, BDNF, and NT3.In this study, we investigate the possible role of vortmanine in the expression of neuroprotective factors BDNF and NT3 secreted by microglia and oligodendrocytes in vitro. For this purpose, cultured microglia and oligodendrocytes were treated with concentrations of 8,12,16 μmol / L for 72 hours.

A 1-2-day-old Wistar rat was used to culture astrocyte cells. Thus, after disinfecting the skin of the body and hands of infants with 70% alcohol-soaked cotton, the infant's head was cut with scissors, the scalp was completely removed and the skull was cut from the neck to the forehead. To reveal the cerebral cortex. The brain was then removed from the skull and placed in Hanks buffer.Concentrations of 8, 12, and 16 mol / L of vortmanine are added by sampler to microglia and oligodendrocyte cells cultured in 6-well plates and The expression of neuroprotective factors was measured by R-T PCR

Vertmanine-treated astrocyte cells showed significant morphological changes.However, morphological changes were much less observed in control cells compared to treated cells.