فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، پاییز 1402)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in women that usually occurs in reproductive age in a number of people around the world. Symptoms include impaired folliculogenesis, hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, numerous small cystic follicles, infertility, and chronic anovulation. The present review study was conducted with the aim of describing the use of stem cells for the treatment of PCOS, their biological characteristics and mechanism of action. The information related to this review study was collected from 53 papers that searched from databases such as SID, Magiran, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ironed Scopus and clinicaltrials. Currently, only the studies are at the level of pre-clinical studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose stem cells, cord blood stem cells and exosomes derived mesenchymal stem cells, and there are only two studies on the Clinicaltrials.gov website as clinical studies. Due to the uncertainty of the safety of this method for the purpose of using stem cells in human, more studies in this field should be designed and implemented.

In this article the antimicrobial effects and activity of the polypropylene fabrics used in medical textiles impregnated with ginger plant extract with the scientific name Zingiber officinale Rosc from the ginger family were investigated. For this purpose the fabrics are impregnated with aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of ginger, and then the antimicrobial effect of the prepared fabrics on the microbes S. aureus, C. albicans, B. cereus, E. aerogenes, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris were investigated. For anti-microbial tests, the growth inhibition halo diameter measurement method and disk blank were used. Each experiment had three simultaneous repetitions. For each repetition four petri dishes were considered. Statistical analysis of the results was done by comparing the mean of repetitions (Duncan's test). The results showed that ginger extracts have an inhibitory effect on all the microorganisms used in this research, and it can be considered an effective plant against microbes.

Advances in the world are causing changes in the living conditions of living things, including plants. Plants must be able to adapt to environmental stressful conditions in a variety of ways, even molecular methods. One mechanism is to regulate gene expression after transcription by miRNAs (microRNAs). MicroRNAs often have 20 to 22 nucleotides, some of whose target genes belong to transcription factors. The expression of microRNAs changes in response to dehydration stress. In the present study, Narcissus bulbs were grown under different irrigation conditions (from once a week to once every two months). The leaves of 60-day-old plants were used to extract the target gene of microRNA 159, MYB and the target gene of microRNA 172, AP2, by qPCR method. The results showed a significant increase in the expression of MYB and AP2 genes and no expression of 159 and 172 microRNAs in the treated and control samples. Therefore, miR172-miR159 is not affected by dehydration stress. Given that the expression of dehydration genes has been evaluated for the first time in the Narcissus pseudonarcissus, therefore, this study can provide a good basis for further investigation in this case.

The transition from vegetative to reproductive stage in Saintpaulia ionantha H.Wendl is controlled by factors such as FLORICAULA (FLO). The process of determining the fate of the flower meristem and its formation pattern is determined by the FLO and the induction of homeotic regulators. In this research, FLO sequencing, protein characteristics, secondary structure, intracellular position and phylogenetic tree have been evaluated by bioinformatics tools for the first time in African violet. The results showed that the intracellular location of this protein is predicted in the nucleus. This protein (FLO) belongs to the FLO/LFY family. The secondary structure of the protein consists of 53% alpha helix and 4% beta sheets. Examining the phylogeny tree, species related to one family were placed in one branch. Also, protein sequence alignment has shown that the sequence is highly conserved in plants of the same family. Identifying the characteristics of FLO protein can be important as the main factor in planning the function of the tissue and then controlling the function of this protein.

In this study, the effect of quercetin on the survival of cancer cells was investigated using MTT and trypan blue tests. Quercetin is a flavonol that has antioxidant properties and is found in fruits, vegetables, and especially colored seeds. Breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cell line) and healthy cells (HEK-293 cell line) were exposed to 50 and 100 micromolar doses of quercetin for 24 and 48 hours.To check the viability of cancer cells, MTT and trypan blue tests were performed. According to the results, the survival rate of cancer cells with Q50 μM dose in 48 hours was significantly decreased in the surface (P < 0.01). Also, a significant decrease was observed in Q100 μM dose at 24 and 48 hours. This decrease was significant at 24 hours at P < 0.05 and at 48 hours at P < 0.01. The results of tests showed the positive anti-cancer effects of quercetin. Based on the results of this research, quercetin reduced the survival rate of cancer cells and the best result was observed in 48 hours. Considering that the anti-cancer effects of quercetin were greater after 48 hours, long-term use of this drug is recommended to achieve its therapeutic effects.

Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for diseases such as cancer. The photosensitizer, which acts as a catalyst upon absorption of light, converts oxygen into cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that destroy malignant cells through apoptosis or necrosis, destroy tumor vasculature, and Stimulate immunity. An active photosensitizer activated by a specific biomarker is able to distinguish healthy from diseased cells, thereby reducing off-target photodamage. The purpose of this study is to introduce and evaluate the performance of different types of photosensitizers in the treatment of various diseases, including skin diseases and skin cancer with the photodynamic therapy method. In this review study, the articles of the last 10 years on the sites google scholar, PubMed, science direct, and Scopus, with the titles of photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy, cancer, skin, and low-power laser were reviewed. There are different treatment methods for cancer, and photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment method for all types of cancer. One of the advantages of this method is the use of non-ionizing radiation, which leads to minimal damage to DNA and surrounding tissues, so this method can improve the method by using different photosensitizers with different optical wavelengths according to the target tissue. treatments with their unique mechanism to have a helpful effect.

The study of proteins is an appreciate model for assessment genetic diversity and similarity between different genomes. Considering to the medicinal and nutritional importance of Apium graveolens and Kelussia odoratissima in this study genetic relationships and diversity of 6 Kelussia genotypes based on seed proteins and 15 celery based on proteins of seeds and leaves 30, 45 and 60 days after germination were studied by SDS-PAGE. Presence and absence of the protein bands were scored as one and zero, respectively. The total number of bands, number of polymorphic bands, the percentage of polymorphic bands, number of private bands, number of alleles, number of effective alleles, genetic diversity, mean of heterozygosity, polymorphic information content and Nei gene diversity index were estimated. Also analysis of molecular variance, analysis of molecular variance to two first coordinates and grouping of populations based on minimum evolution algorithm and P-distance were done. Results showed high genetic diversity in both populations but higher heterozygosity and within population diversity in celery seed compare to Kelussia. Grouping of populations separated celery and Kelussia populations. Agreement of populations grouping with geographic dispersion was more strong in seeds than leaves

Cinnamomum is a type of tonic spice that has had a special place in traditional medicine for a long time due to its effects on body health. Even today, with the discovery of its wide therapeutic properties, it is used in many countries. The main components of Cinnamomum, including cinnamaldehyde, can play a role in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effect and anticancer properties of the active ingredient in cinnamon in breast cancer. The dose of the active ingredient of cinnamon was determined and checked by the MTT test method. The effects of cinnamon active substance on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were investigated using molecular docking and real-time PCR methods. The results were that the dose of the effective substance was equal to 0.093 mg/ml and among the four proteins, AKT gene was selected due to the highest and best reaction at the protein level and the expression of AKT gene was very low in the presence of cinnamon. According to the effects, activity and antioxidant properties of the active substance of cinnamon, taking into account their side effects in vitro and in silico, this active substance of the plant can be used as an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and also it can be used as a Malignant tumor preventer.

 Microgravity is one of the environmental stresses in space that affects on the structure of cellular organelles and metabolites in plant. In the present research, the effect of microgravity in times 3, 7 and 10 days on root and hypocotyl growth rate, fresh and dry weight, cell and organelles ultrastructure with Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) and some antioxidative capacity ( phenol, flavonoid and inhibition of DPPH radicals) were investigated in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) seedling. The results showed that microgravity led to increase root and hypocotyle length as compared to control. Amydons were spread throughout the cell in microgravity treatment, while in control samples, they were deposited on the cell wall in the direction of gravity. Mitochondria were variable in shape and number. The endoplasmic reticulum in 10-day treatment was more voluminous and longer than the control. Also, the vacuole was observed more voluminous as compared to control. Total phenol, flavonoid, and inhibition of DPPH radicals increased significantly(P < 0.05). It seems, cellular changes and secondary metabolism induced under microgravity are related to oxidative stress.

The savory(Satureja macrantha) belongs to the mint family, it is an annual or multi-year plant, Iran has 12 annual or multi-year grass species. In many studies, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antispasmodic, stomach strengthening and digestion facilitating properties of this genus have been reported. Nisome is a important surfactant-based non-ionic vesicle. Niosomes offer several advantages for drug delivery systems, including osmotically active, chemical stability and long retention time compared to liposomes. In the present study, niosomes extracted from as a drug are dynamically evaluated by calorimetric method (Folin's method). In this study niosomes formulation containing Satureja macrantha extract, in order to achieve the optimal formulation, different formulations were prepared based on the molar ratio of Span 60/Tween 60, cholesterol and with a sonication time of 7 minutes. The niosomes extracted from the savory plant significantly inhibited the activity of the two bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus ) and (Escherichia coli) tested in the present study.