فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 43، زمستان 1400)

Problem: 

There is a high correlation between poverty and rural life, because more than three quarters of the poor live in rural areas. Since any successful policy (in the direction of rural development) requires the recognition of this phenomenon, therefore, knowing the extent of poverty in society and its spatial distribution is an important issue in developing poverty reduction programs.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of poverty in rural settlements of Miyandoab county.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used to collect information. Spatial territory is the villages of Miyandoab county, which, according to the 2016 census, has a population of 125,893 people, 37,637 rural households and 189 inhabited villages. Percentage of villages were selected as sample villages. The sample size, according to the Cochran's formula, is 313 rural household heads living in rural areas. To analyze the data and information, Coopras multi-criteria decision analysis, K-cluster analysis and more I statistic were used.

Out of 38 sample villages in the county, 17 villages, equivalent to 44.74% of the villages are in the cluster of "very severe poverty" and in terms of agriculture, services, productive employment, income, participation, security, environmental degradation and. The people of these villages are facing many problems and most of these villages are located in Barouq district. Also, Lalehloo, Qataradash and Ghorghchi villages are known as the poorest villages of Miyandoab county and rural poverty has shown a clustered and dense spatial pattern based on Marian my statistics in the county.

Innovation: 

The most important research, innovation of reducing rural poverty and spatial analysis in Miyandoab county using Coopras technique and other statistical analyzes.

 Problem Statement: 

"The dynamics of a city as a living being" depends on vitality and hilarity. Creating and promoting vitality in an urban space requires that the characteristics of the space meet the needs of citizens as this can increase their continued presence and life qualities.

Urban parks as one of the important elements of public spaces play an important role in providing citizens' leisure times. The existence of vitality in these spaces causes attraction of more population and promotes social interactions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vitality situation in Ata Coastal Park in Miandoab.

This research was done from the perspective of purpose in terms of nature and based on a descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected using a documentary and field method.

Analysis of vitality indices in the coastal park of Miandoab indicated the average status of this park in terms of urban vitality indices. According to the findings of this study, the criteria of perceptual-sensory and social interactions played an important role in the vitality and happiness of the citizens of Miandoab in Ata Park. Such features caused formation of a significant and positive relationship between the visitors’ demographic characteristics and the park vitality. However, there was considerable dissatisfaction with the quantity and quality of recreational facilities, as well as the safety of sports facilities and the park space.

Statement of the Problem: 

Many cities around the world are misusing their natural resources due to their spawl growth. A few approaches have been proposed to prevent such a situation and achieve a form of urban growth that meets the needs of today's urban society while preserving the environment and natural resources. The most acceptable one is smart growth.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the indicators of smart urban growth in District 1 of Karaj municipality.

The data of this descriptive-analytical study were gathered from both documents and a survey. First, the 18 indicators were calculated and analyzed separately. Then, the AHP method in Expert Choice software was used to assign a coefficient for each indicator by 3 sample experts. The urban growth situation is being determined using an invented model. The study area locates in the northeast of Karaj city and it has an area of 859.4 hectares and a population of more than 120 thousand people.

Findings indicated a large gap between urban growth characteristics of the study area and smart growth indicators. The value of sprawl growth was 2.63 and it was close to Ln15 (Number of the neighborhoods). The result of the land use mixing formula was 0.6 which is closer to 1 (maximum land use mixing) than to 0 (uniform land use). The figures of building density indicator were between 70% to 210%. However, the figures for most indicators showed that totally, the study area was in a moderate state of urban smart growth criteria.

Innovation: 

Combining objective and subjective data with a syntactic approach that pays attention not only to physical growth but also to social and economic aspects is the innovation of this study.

 In recent years, decreasing or stopping the inlet flows of Hirmand River to Sistan area, successive droughts, drying of Hamoon Wetland, and closing of the border have all provided very poor conditions for people’s livelihoods in Sistan Area so that many villagers have migrated to other parts of Iran. In this regard, the irrigation plan of 46,000 hectares of the agricultural lands of Sistan Plain through the national project of water transfer from half-wells with modern irrigation systems was approved and implemented to maintain the population and sustainability of the area. Nevertheless, based on the past experience, many projects were found to have failed without people's participation.

The present study aimed to measure the villagers’ levels of participation in the implementation of the water transfer project besides analyzing the local-spatial variations of their participatory behaviors.

The statistical population of this research included all the villages within the construction unit of Hamoon 4. Using Cochran's formula, 20 villages were randomly selected. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (Scheffe and T tests) were used in SPSS software and a combination of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) approach and the Gray Relationship Analysis (GRA) technique was utilized in the GIS environment to compare the local-spatial variability of rural participation in the project implementation.

The villagers’ participation levels based on various components showed that the highest rates of participation in the upstream and downstream villages were related to the components of "Cadastral scrutiny" and "decision-making and consensus" with the means of 2.43 and 3.82, respectively. The overall results of the study indicated low and average levels of participation in the upstream and downstream villages, respectively. In fact, the level of rural participation was higher than in the past due to the impact of a justice-oriented view on the fairer distribution of and access to water through traditional canals and streams. This issue had been realized by the downstream villages getting away from the half-wells, main tributaries of rivers, and surface water currents and approaching the radius of 14-23 km to the end of rural settlements.

Institutionalsm is a comprehensive methodological model available to explain development. It is a type of economic analysis emphasizing the role of social, cultural, local, political, and economic institutions in determining economic events. Suburban villages are among the obvious consequences of urban development in which rural-urban migration plays a key role. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the factors affecting institutional development in the development of rural areas of Hashtrood county. The method used is a combination of survey and analytical-structural methods. To determine the study area, three villages from Qaranqo rural district (Lamshan, Damanab, and Khorjestan) and four villages from Aliabad (Aliabad Olya and Sofla, Khorasanlu, and Khorasanak Station) were selected according to the distance from the city center. Using Cochran's formula, from 1273 rural households, 295 with 95% confidence level and p,q= 0.5, were selected as the sample size. First, by surveying experts and scientific specialists, the indicators and items of institutional development of suburban areas were identified and then the views of indigenous villagers in relation to the factors affecting the development of official institutions and NGOs in the studied villages were evaluated. In order to analyze the factors affecting institutional development in the study area, SPSS statistical software, analytical hierarchy process methods (AHP), and AMOS were used. The results of factors affecting institutional development from the perspective of experts and specialists, in the form of 10 indicators using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), show a very low coefficient of the importance of indicators of participatory thinking and membership in the organizations (public, private, and NGOs). The model of structural factors affecting the institutional development of suburban spaces show validity and accuracy.

Early employment has detrimental effects on the body of the society at a time when the body and minds of children and adolescents are growing and they all have to go to school while depending on its severity, it is a clear sign of poverty and misery in developing countries. As this problem is of high importance, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the spatial differences of this unpleasant phenomenon on a provincial scale and to explain its relationship with the level of human development and its three indicators including gross national income per capita, means of years of schooling for education, and life expectancy for health. The research method is descriptive-comparative with a relational approach. Some indicators of the study have been analyzed according to the census data of 2016. The rate of early employment in relation to the employment of the age groups of 10-14 and 15-19 years is compared with their total population, the literacy index obtained by the United Nation Formula is a combination of the rate of total literacy and adult literacy. Analyzing the indices used in this research by SPSS software shows that there is a significant inverse relationship of 0.05 between the early employment and two indicators including gross national income per capita and literacy but the mentioned relationship is confirmed by the life expectancy indicator for health at the level of 0.08. It may be claimed that in the regions with a lower rate of literacy, the rate of gross national income per capita is reduced and the early employment phenomenon has a higher prevalence. Therefore, in order to minimize the rate of the undesirable phenomenon of early employment, it is necessary to pay more attention to the rate of literacy and gross national income per capita especially in eastern and northwestern regions of our country. The geographical shapes in ARC GIS mapping software have presented the spatial gap between two critical zones of the eastern and northwestern areas compared with other regions of the country.

Planning is one of the important strategies of planners and urban planners for the development of the form and shape of the city in the future which both meet the needs of the city and citizens in the best way and preserves the urban environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial development of the urban form of Karaj with a futures studies approach. The required data is collected through the library method (articles, meta-documents, urban plans, etc.) and using the opinion of experts (to identify key drivers, to compile and score hypotheses and to present scenarios). The statistical sample consists of 40 experts and researchers in the relevant field selected by snowball sampling. The comments and suggestions from this group have been collected using the Delphi method. To determine the factors affecting the spatial growth and development of Karaj in the period 1365-1395 (1986-2016), the Holdern model has been used. Shannon entropy has also been used to determine the density or dispersion of Karaj city areas. Morphol software has been used to compile the scenarios. The results obtained show that 95% of the growth and development of Karaj city during these 30 years has been due to population factors. Also, regions 1, 8, 5, and 9 have a compact form and the entropy number is close to the minimum while regions 10, 6, and 3 have an almost more scattered form. Among the 12 scenarios presented, 5 scenarios are in the intermediate state, 4 scenarios are catastrophic, and 3 are favorable scenarios.

Problem: 

The environmental problems of the cities in the 21st century have caused instability in urban environments. Since the consequences of many human relationships with the environment and natural ecosystem have appeared nonlinearly, their cumulative effects can lead to the irreversibility of equilibrium conditions. Therefore, we must think of a solution as soon as possible to maintain survival and increase the stability and the balance of urban environments. Many different approaches have been proposed to achieve urban balance and sustainability, one of which is called ‘ecological city’.

 The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effective factors in achieving an ecological city in the city of Dorcheh.

 The present study was an applied research based on a descriptive-analytical method and a quantitative research in terms of paradigm. The data collection was done via a documentary method by using a questionnaire. The statistical population included the citizens of Dorcheh City, who were more the 15 years old. The number of the citizens was 37367 in 2017, of whom 375 people were selected by cluster sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was formally confirmed by the urbanization experts from the perspective of urban planning and its reliability was corroborated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of more than 0.7. Finally, SPSS software was used for analyzing the data.

 The results of this study indicated that there were unity and relative homogeneity between the neighborhoods of Dorcheh City based on the ecological city indicators. Among the indicators used for Dorcheh City, environmental index provided a better situation for achieving an ecological city. There was also a significant difference between the citizens' willingness index and current status index. The citizens showed a high desire to create an ecological city.

Innovation: 

The most important innovation of this research was that it addressed the issue of the indigenous model of an ecological city and paid special attention to the role of citizen participation to realize the mentioned approach.