فصلنامه برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1400)

Among the factors affecting labor productivity, the shortage in food intake can seriously affect productivity. The purpose of this study is to examine the Poverty Nutrition Trap, which is rooted in the theory of efficiency wage, highlighting the importance of malnutrition and poverty. This study's data were obtained by survey and completed by questionnaire in 1395 among 220 households living in Shahid Ghorbani district of Mashhad. A simultaneous equation system was used to investigate the existence of the Poverty Nutrition Trap. The results showed that the residents' bundle of food was significantly different from the average urban and provincial households. Results also revealed that the studied area inhabitants had spent almost half of the average cost of meat for urban households of Khorasan Razavi province and Iran. This issue also arose for the expenditure on high nutrients, including milk, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. The simultaneous equations system results showed that despite the low use of nutrients by the inhabitants of this area, the cycle of nutrition-based poverty had not been formed among them, and inadequate nutrition has not led to the vicious cycle of reduced income, reduced productivity, and inadequate nutrition. Therefore, other factors influencing the formation of poverty in the region should be identified to propose appropriate policies to reduce poverty.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cultural capital in the tendency to government work. The method of the present study is descriptive and the study population was 384 public sector employees in Tehran who were selected based on multi-stage cluster sampling. The questionnaires used in this study are Bourdieu's standard questionnaire of cultural capital and the researcher-made questionnaire oriented towards government jobs. Findings obtained from research questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS21 software and statistical tests of linear regression, Pearson correlation and partial correlation. The results showed that cultural capital influences the tendency to do government work. There is no significant relationship between embodied and objectified cultural capital and the tendency to government work, but there was a significant relationship between institutionalized cultural capital and the tendency to government work. Also, it was observed that cultural capital due to the economic and family context affects the tendency to government work, but cultural capital due to the social context did not affect the tendency to government work.

The main question in this paper is whether perceptions of health are similar across age groups. If yes, what are these differences? To answer this question, Grounded Theory and Semi-Structured Interviewing Technique with 34Young Adults in Semnan City were used. This study was conducted in two neighborhoods with different levels of economic well-being. This study was conducted in two neighborhoods with different levels of economic well-being and with the emergence of categories, it became theoretical sampling, and with the non-emergence of a new concept in the last four interviews, it became final. Purposeful sampling was used to select the sample of this research. The findings show that there are four main categories of health, health, perception of life, and behavior therapy in understanding health behavior. According to the identified categories and subcategories, four main paradigms were identified. These paradigms are 1. The paradigm pattern of traditional behavior, 2. The beautiful and fit body pattern, 3. The body pattern as a tool, 4. The pattern of returning to nature. Young people are mainly seen in the age group of a beautiful and fit body. The message conditions in this model are the emergence of secondary disease and the dramatic consumption of health goods. Adults are mainly placed in the body pattern by tools.

Research in the social sciences and social issues has grown exponentially, given that it is difficult to master all aspects of the various issues. Combined research can be used as a useful and useful solution. Feeling happy and cheerful is one of the most essential innate desires and psychological needs of human beings, which is influenced by various factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of quantitatively combining the results of research conducted in the field of the relationship between social capital and happiness in Iran in the years 1390-1398. Using meta-analysis method and comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA), 18 articles were reviewed. According to the research results, the hypothesis of homogeneity of the studies was rejected and the hypothesis of heterogeneity in the size of the research effect was confirmed. In fact, the relationship between social capital and happiness is different in terms of characteristics and characteristics of studies, and in this situation, modifiers of the research context and the statistical population have been used to determine the variance and location of these differences. In the analysis of the findings, it was found that the average size of the effect of social capital structure on happiness is at a high level, that is, the variable of social capital has been evaluated as an effective factor in happiness in society.

Elderly living arrangements in developing countries are important because governments cannot support them due to the lack of advanced health care systems. This study aimed to investigate the changes in living arrangements of people 60 years old and over during the last four decades (1984-2019) in Iran. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data conducted by the Statistics Center of Iran were analyzed. Findings indicated that elderly headship rate has increased over time. Although this growth observed for both sexes, it was double as high for women as for men. Most households headed by old men are nuclear households while women often take care of solo and single-parent households. More elderly people live alone nowadays and their household size has decreased during the time. Howbeit the number of households with an elderly head with an adult child has increased, but this co-residence does not have benefits for elderly parents. Indeed, changes in elderly living arrangements in Iran over the past three decades have led to more increasing pressure on the old ages and they have to accept more responsibilities such as household head and managing its needs.

The present study deals with the pathology of the welfare of women's employment status based on the protection laws contained in the Iranian Constitution. Content analysis method was used with the technique of documents and documents. To study written documents and determine categories, content analysis of categories has been used. The studied documents are the same complaints and petitions of working women that were submitted to the Cooperative, Labor and Social Welfare Departments of Tehran during the years 1390 to 1396. Out of 63,502 cases related to women's complaints, 380 petitions have been reviewed and there are significant statistics of discrepancies in the laws and quality and implementation of women's employment. Out of 332 complaints, only 49.69% have returned to work and Of the 106 women on maternity leave, only 35.84% were able to return to work. The existence of these cases indicates the inadequacy of the quality of laws and executive guarantees for the rights of working women. Some are returned to them, but there are still obstacles and obstacles in terms of the quality and implementation of protectionist laws, as well as the type of rulings and rulings issued by oversight bodies.

The decision to separate and dissolve the marital relationship is one of the most difficult events an adult faces and can disrupt a person's emotional bonds. In this regard, an agreement has been reached with the aim of understanding and interpreting the phenomenon of divorce in Deylam city. Researchers in this qualitative study used phenomenological method, purposive sampling and in-depth interview technique with 19 divorced women to collect information. All interviews were recorded and immediately written on paper and analyzed with an interpretive approach. The research findings, which are the result of interviews, included 25 concepts that were classified into 6 main categories. These categories include Socio-cultural disorder of the family, lack of emotional attachment, personality and behavioral disorders, weak marital relationships, interference and normative pressure of others, economic and livelihood problems. The results indicate the interaction of different cultural-class, economic and psychological dimensions in the process of divorce by women and the situational nature of these dimensions.Finally, proposals were presented in accordance with the existing capacities.