پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 64 (پاییز 1400)

Instability in the political relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire has a long history and various factors have contributed to the continuation of this situation. The present article examines the role of these factors and shows that friction in political relations does not necessarily mean rupture and conflict in other areas, especially in the field of economic relations, and economic and trade relations between the two countries, despite the history of tension between them, are established continuously and strongly. have been. However, in the early period of Safavid rule, from the time of the reign of Shah Ismail to the end of the reign of Shah Tahmasb, and due to the hostility of the Iranian and Ottoman governments, economic and trade relations that were subject to the political situation, faced serious challenges. شد. Both governments tried to use their economic advantages as a tool of pressure. On the other hand, the decline of the two governments and the entry of Westerners in the equations of the Persian Gulf and the Eastern Mediterranean, in addition to reducing the political determinants of the Safavids and Ottomans in the region, seriously reduced their role and commercial power. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method of different aspects of economic relations between the two governments and its impact on political relations will be examined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of economics on Iran-Ottoman relations during the years 1501 to 1562 AD.

Considering the many differences between the beliefs of the internal branches of a religion, it plays a very important role in recognizing the original beliefs and the intellectual connection between religions. In the meantime, the recognition of different Shiite sects and groups has a valuable place due to the influence of the process of important events in the history of Islam.There have been wrong views about this sect, which originated from the fact that the secrets of the Ahl al-Haq were the " Mystery " among them, to the point where they considered the groups of Ali Allahi, Ahl al Haq and Satan worshipers in the same category, and separated them from the Ghali groups and Similarities in beliefs of some Ahl al-Haq families with Twelver Imami Shi'ism, it is necessary to know their intellectual and religious nature. In this regard, investigating the origin of this sect and its founders, their beliefs in the principles of religion and especially Imamate, the number of imams and the position of the imam, as well as some of their religious customs and rules such as prayer, fasting, Qiblah, Hajj, and the five holy things of this sect are important issues. It is for research. In this research, the Shiaization of the Ahl al-Haq sect in western Iran, relying on Kermanshah and knowing the intellectual and religious foundations of this sect, relying on the documents of the Ahl al-Haq sect and the words of the followers of this sect, has been done and it has been a field research.

Fereydoun Adamit is one of the most important historians of contemporary Iranian history. He can be considered a "historian of progress" in Iran, because in most of his works, the reference to the principles of modernity and progressivism and in monographs, the reference to the most important Iranian progressives represent this issue. His attitude towards tradition and identity as well as the elements of modernity in his writings is very important, because an important part of historical knowledge about the history of modernity in the Qajar era is derived from his works or is influenced by his works. This article seeks to answer the question of what has been humanity's approach to modernity? Humanity considered the idea of ​​progress from the West as the main field of progress in Iran and analyzed it with its historical studies, considering first-class documents and writings. In order to gain an understanding of his historical thought as well as his modernist historiography by analyzing his writings on modernity.

Woman presence in tobacco national- religious movement and constitutional movement is the beginning of women activities in different social , cultural and political field. Even though this presence has been presumed very little owing to dominance of religious and tradition – oriented forces at the beginning of the Reza shah’s reign ,but by the implementacion of new policies by Reza shah and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi activities of this brigade got more solidavity in the shape of institutions and women’s organizations and involved wider dimention . how to form and the mode of institutions and women organization’s activity in the second Pahlavi era and its relationship. With the state is the issue that addressed in this study. This research , conducted in the context of historical study and review of sources such as newspapers and books, reveals that the members of institutions and women’s organizations often consisted of educated women who their most trying at first to improve living , educational and health of women and then to fix the legal in equality and obtaining women suffrage. Some of these formations for the benefit of the government. And some also acted along to humour party needs or special population and have influenced the events of that period.

Among the various social classes, the role of the middle class as an influential class in legitimizing the ruling structure has always been considered. The purpose of this article is to explain the position and role of the middle class in the political and social developments in Iran, Also, the role of the middle class on the legitimacy of the ruling structure from the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in Iran until 2013 has been studied. Examining the position and function of social forces in political and social developments as well as its impact on the legitimacy of the ruling structure is one of the basic issues in political sociology. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies. The results of the research show that the middle class is known as the main class in the socio-political developments of Iran, which uses components such as the class accompanying the ideology of the system, trying to transition to democracy in Iran, strengthening political participation , strengthening relations with Influential groups and parties in the political arena and strengthening the political culture has been able to play an important role in legitimizing the ruling structure.

Shiite presence in Egypt and the Levant dates back to the time of the first arrival of Muslims, Shiite growth peaked during the Fatimid period, and despite the fall of the Shiite Fatimid rule in Egypt and the Levant, Shiites remained in the land And they were the Levant, but in later periods the Mamluks greatly reduced the power of the Shiites, so that by the end of the Mamluk period there was little Shiite influence left in Egypt and the Levant. This article seeks to analyze the historical reasons for the hostile and strict stance of the Mamluks towards the Shiites. The findings of this study show; The influence of some Salafi Hanbali jurists in the Mamluk court, the confrontation between the Ilkhans and the Mamluks, the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate of Egypt and the Levant, the Mamluks 'fear of Shiite history and originality, and the Mamluks' influence on the Ayyubids, especially in religious politics

"Sama" is one of the most obvious manifestations of Iranian Sufism, about which different theories have been expressed and there has been a difference between the legislators and the mystics for centuries in refuting or proving it. This study intends to examine the reasons for the formation and development of "Sama" and to examine the efforts of its proponents and opponents to confirm their views and the results that have emerged.To carry out this research, library research method and citing the sources of the opponents and supporters of Sama have been used to illustrate the progress of this Sufi tradition by examining and criticizing various views and opinions and comparing them with the existing documents.On the one hand, one group has tried to prove its sanctity by relying on Quranic verses and quoting the narrations of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imams (AS), and on the other hand, some people have tried to soften the statements of the opponents by using the same tools and documents. Have been it. Eventually, with the efforts of the proponents, especially Abu Sa'id Abu al-Khair, the ceremony was able to gain a prominent place among Sufis and the people, although in the works of people like Ghazali, conditions and restrictions were considered for it.