کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 44 (زمستان 1400)

One of the important elements of the novel that constitutes its main form is the element of plot. The plot consists of a structure consisting of start, expansion, suspension, climax, untying, and ending. Knowing this structure allows the reader to experience the story well and understand it through a specific time process. Contemporary novelists, given the experience they gained from the new world, They found that in writing the story, the sequence of the plot structure could be broken and disturbed. In such stories, due to the abandonment of accepted traditions of art and the creation of new narrative styles, the events of the story are intertwined and the boundary between beginning and end is not defined. It also sometimes happens that the characters of the story invite the reader to implicitly play a role in the ending of the story. In the present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to make a comparative study of nonlinear plot in the novel “Land of the Missing” by Elias Khoury and the novel “I am not a tiger” by Mohammad Reza Safdari. Given that in these two works, traces of modern and postmodern fiction can be seen; Therefore, the initial impression is that the plot of both stories is very confused; In addition to time confusion and lack of sequence in the retelling of events, open ending and inviting the reader to end the story is also used. Also, the novel Land of the Missing has a further collapse in the traditional order of the story.

A post-colonial criticism approach is considered as comparative literature and cultural studies to analyze the colonial feedback in literary contexts and explore the component of the post-colony in the literature. This theory deals with the conflict between Eastern inferior and Western superior thought foundations and tries to show the results between colonialism and the colony. Ahmad Saadawi, the writer of “Frankenstein in Baghdad” novel, is among those authors who has put a high priority on struggling against colonialism. He depicts the consequences of the occupation of Iraq by the U.S. Army and his writing is considered as a complex allegory of tribal violence in Iraq following the U.S. invasion. Therefore, the analysis of this author’s thoughts is significant in postcolonial literature. The present result reveals that how the author could present the political, social, and economic effects in Iraq in a fictional novel by turning into the anti-colonial perspective. The author illustrates the feeling of chaos in his land and creates an imaginary character that has a fragmented identity. Saadawi endeavors to presents the effects of colonialism in its modern form by making this imaginary creature that aims towards the establishment of justice. This study written as the perspective of post-colonial criticism using the descriptive-analytical approach investigates the components of post-colonialism, such as Western centralization, moral issues, and identity fragmentation. Besides, this study highlights the reliance on beliefs and religion to achieve a former identity to oppose the belief in the superiority of the Western race and anti-colonialism.

Anis al-Moridin va Shams al-Majales and Bahr al-Mahabbah fi Asrar al-Mavaddah are the two Sufi interpretations in which Yusuf Surah, is described in a similar structure and content, one in Persian and the other in Arabic. as much as, Anis al-Moridin va Shams al-Majales is considered the Persian translation of the Bahr al-Mahabbah fi Asrar al-Mavaddah. this article is written to check the validity of this view. a comparative study of these two works shows that they are similar in many ways, and this reinforces this view. They are similar in common structure, storytelling preference, interpretive method, simple mystical approach, common interpretive narratives, mystical anecdotes, points and allusions, as well as sequence of contents. however, some discrepancies between the two works indicate that they could not be translations of each other. Some their different aspects are: the fictional adventures, the names and actions of the sub-characters, the brevity of the events, interpretive phrases and explanations, poetries, anecdotes, mystical points and allusions. In particular, these two works, in terms of significant similarities in content and structure, are very similar to some histories and interpretations of earlier centuries, including works that have been written specifically in the interpretation of this surah. it seems that one of the similarities between these two works is their benefit from common sources. We can also consider that one of these two books is the main source for the other book. in this case, Anis may be the main source of the Bahr.

The literary works of imprisonment is dealt with composing poems in prison and describing bitter complaints as well as literary combat with the cruelty of the rulers. This is counted as one of the rare types of lyric literature both in Persian and Arab literature. Over time, this literary type has not been significantly changed from the views of texture and context. Therefore, this hypothesis is emerged that it might have been exposed to obstruction. In the current research, four prominent literary works of Persian and Arab imprisonments composed in different intervals have been chosen. Then, the in common components of this type have been determined. For the next step, the causes and reasons obstructing its development analyzed based on an analytical-descriptive approach. The present research scrutinize a text from two different historical eras. The findings indicate that the obstructing reasons are mainly referred to the intertextual issues, equal compatibility, similar to historical pattern from static items. Moreover, this study has also evaluated the four main factors hindering the development of this type of literature.

The combination of words in Arabic and Persian can be considered to be largely due to the semantic fit between them. But in The present age, with the spread of Deviations of norms, was formed a new type of it, which manifestations a semantic mismatch in the composition of words. This kind of deviation of norms or "hybridization" was first proposed by "Mikhail Bakhtin". This research tries to search for the effects of "hybridization" and its meanings in the poems of Muhammad Afifi Matar (1935-2010) and Ahmad Azizi (2016-1958) comparatively and using descriptive-analytical method.The use of unusual combinations in the principles of the semantic structure of words has caused the poems of these two poets to be full of original literary creations. This makes it difficult for the reader to understand the meaning. Based on the classification of different semantic Scopes of words in the works of these two poets, we found that the combination of natural phenomena and human coordinates has the highest frequency compared to other combinations. This has a great impact on recognizing the attitude of the authors and enriching the aesthetic manifestations of their poems.

According to this, on the one hand, the novel “Raeha Al-Word” by Abdul Qaddos and on the other hand, the story of “This Street does not have a Speed Bump” by Maryam Jahani have been Analysis. The purpose of this research is to be recognized the background of the two authors’ ideas in the light of Farklaf’s critical model. They have invaded, one is based on his masculine ideas and the other on her feminine elegance regarding patriarchal imposed patterns in the society. Relying on the vocabularies of the text, Abdul al Qaddos’s effort is to represent a society whose view is generally of a negative attitude towards women, and especially divorced women. After returning to unfavorable conditions, Abdul Qaddos’ ultimate goal, is to inducing women’s self-awareness about their situations and then encourage them to participation and finding a way to improve the current situation and overcoming the social crisis. On the other hand, Ms. Jahani’s story, is an illustration of a society whose patriarchal world shows the barriers to women’s access to independence and ultimately criticizes women’s inaction against patriarchal ideas.

In this research, two novels "Asman and Al-Kharif" (1962) by "Najib Mahfouz" and "Dr. Noon loves his wife more than Mossadegh" by Shahram Rahimian (2001), are compared according to the similarities and thematic and structural differences. Therefore, the comparative research method in this article is based on the American school, and the general research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the use of data derived from books and articles related to the research issue. One of the results of the research is that there are more similarities between the two novels in terms of content and the similarities between two novels in terms of form and structure are significant in the next step. The structural differences in two novels are due to differences in the style and general approach of the two authors. In general, Najib Mahfouz has a classic and conventional approach in this novel, but Rahimian has taken a modern and sometimes escape structural approach. Another point is that in these two novels, the political revolutions and their impacts on the life of the hero of two novels have been studied in two crucial moments in the history of two countries.