مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 66 (خرداد و تیر 1400)

One of the marketing communications strategies for promoting a brand is sport celebrities' endorsement, however, sponsors are always concerned of experiencing doping related consequences for their brands and products due to the consumers' believes and beliefs on the endorsed product which may be changed by those consequences. The main purpose of the present research was to modeling the consequences of endorser’s doping scandal in sport marketing. 56 items were used and 224 men and women students of bachelor program of physical education and sport sciences of the Iranian universities participated in measuring the research variables and model the causal relations. The research data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of SEM showed acceptable model fit indexes and significant relationships between variables. Results also revealed that reasoning strategy of moral rationalization has a moderating effect on the relationship between moral emotions and attitude change toward doped athlete. Finally, regarding to the personal differences as cultural, social, personality and livelihood, the manner of responding to the questionnaire can be consider as a research limitation. However, moral emotions negative dimensions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) were analyzed as significant variables in predicting consumer’s behavior and attitude in the current research, other positive dimensions (Gratitude, Awe, Admiration) should be explored in the future studies.

Understanding and analyzing negative behaviors sport teams could be useful in team management. The aim of this study is designing a model of cynicism in sports teams from social perspective. this research was conducted through qualitative research method with the fundamental-exploratory nature. Research data were collected through snowball sampling method and based on in-depth interviews composed of experts. According to grounded theory and Classic approach data were analyzed after coding. The results showed that cynicism in sports teams has three levels include: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. Causes and driver forces of creation cynicism in sports teams are behavioral, Structural and contextual. Consequences of cynicism in sports teams are individual and collective. In order to optimal management of sports teams there must well understand of cynicism in sports teams. Therefor must be taken to account causes and driver forces of creation cynicism in sports teams, cynicism and its consequences. Based on this understanding, key decisions are made and practices to be taken.

Brand, branding and its management are not new in sports management, but the concept of athlete brand and its management is a topic that has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive and correlational study was to examine the role of managing the characteristics of the athlete brand in psychological commitment and behavioral  loyalty to the athlete.  All students of the University of Kurdistan who are Crist Ronaldo fans were selected as the statistical population. The measurement tools included athlete brand image questionnaire with 30 questions (Arai et al, 2013), psychological commitment questionnaire with 3 questions (Väätäinen & Dickenson, 2018), and behavioral loyalty questionnaire with 4 questions (Bauer et al, 2008). The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experienced professors and their internal conformity was approved by Cronbach's alpha test. In addition, a structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the athlete brand characteristics: Athletic expertise (0.81), Relationship effort (0.75), Role model (0.70), Sportsmanship (0.71), Lifestyle (56.5), Physical attractiveness (0.52), Competition style (0.44), Rivalry (0.40), Symbol (0.39) and Body fitness (32) had the most effect on fans' psychological commitment directly, and their behavioral loyalty indirectly. Moreover, psychological commitment with a regression coefficient of 0.71  affected behavioral loyalty. This research can provide a coherent insight into the management of athlete brand characteristics, for sports team managers, athlete program managers,  sports marketers and the athletes themselves. It also provides a wide range of management actions necessary for better managing athletes' brand, creating a strong brand, creating a desirable image and its desirable association, and finally developing fans' psychological commitment and loyalty to athletes and enjoying the benefits and results from them.

The purpose of the current research is to identify the Strategies and Consequences of Utilization of Sport influencers on the consumption of the Iranian sport products with the social media approach

In order to achieve this goal, qualitative methodology and research method of grounded theory) Strauss and Corbin( was used and in terms of purpose. The research population included professors, experts and experts in sport marketing, Internet and economics and Sampled subjects were targeted and based on the criteria.The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the data from the interviews were analyzed and coded in a context-based way.

The results of the grouping of codes represent 10 main categories, 62 sub categories that are presented in the form of a paradigmatic model including strategies (Informing and cognition, governance, innovation and cognition, culture making, rules and regulations and new marketing) and consequences (Cultural and ethical development, technology development, social development and personal branding development) emerged.

The use of Sport influencers is the source of brand differentiation. Given the range of target groups and social media audiences that have no limits on age and gender, Also, attractive sports influencers in the sports environment, if sports marketers can not afford to use these valuable human resources, choose the right strategies and provide cultural and moral development, technology development, social development and personal branding development, will not be satisfy The audience.

In the post-industrial era, one of the elements of sustainable development in anything country is knowledge-based corporations. In Iran country, special attention to the growth and prosperity of these companies, especially knowledge-based sports companies among policy makers has been paid too. One of the challenges for these companies to succeed in the field of sports is their continued growth and sustainability. In this regard, the qualitative approach and Grounded Theory, Strauss and Corbin method to identify the growth and sustainability factors of knowledge-based sports companies in Iran have been used. The study population consisted of faculty members, PhD students, knowledge-based companies, science and technology parks, sports and non-sport development centers, and industry experts consisting of 16 individuals who were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Finally, based on research findings, structural, governmental, Hard infrastructure, public-private cooperation policy making, were the main factors. Knowledge based sports Companies skills, political factors, financial and managerial factors including contextual factors and sports startup exhibitions and conferences to create creative ideas, corporate integrity, consultants, branding such as interferer factors were in this study. Facilitating regulation, expert manpower, and the creation of a specialized maternal institute were such procedures of this study that can help to employment creation, development and improvement of sport and the country's economic Sustainable growth under sanction.

Either success or failure of sports projects as one of the most important urban public utilities, which has a variety of impacts on the environment and society. Unfortunately, it has failed in many cases in our country and has led to the loss of huge budgets. The aim of this study is to analyze the key success factors behind of the construction of sports facilities projects. The statistical population of this study includes all employers, consultants and contractors who participated in designing, constructing, monitoring and exploiting the second phase of the Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium in Isfahan. In this matter, about 200 people are chosen among them, as the statistical sample by random sampling. The research measuring tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose formal and content validity was confirmed by experts after careful examination of the texts and literature of the research. Moreover, its reliability is calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.873). In addition to the descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, and the second order confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to investigate the data. The computational results showed that the most important key success factors of sport projects were management factors (0.95), environmental factors (0.83), project characteristics (0.81) and organizational factors (0.78) respectively.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the innovation strategies in sports clubs based on the Blue Ocean approach. The study was a qualitative and purposeful one. For data collection, library studies, interviews and Delphi questionnaires were used. The statistical population was professors of sport management of universities, sport specialists and sport entrepreneurs in Khuzestan province. Using purposive sampling method, 17 person in the first round, 29 in the second round and 27 in the third round of Delphi panel participated in the study. Due to the degree of convergence, the Delphi approach ended in the third round. The findings showed that according to the decision-making model of the four actions in the Blue Ocean approach, including strategies of creation, incremental strategy, reduction strategy and elimination strategy, activities that sports clubs did not address and should be based on strategy creation, included charitable social partnerships and the creation of advertising campaigns. Based on the incremental strategy, the activities that sports clubs should invest in and compete with included increasing use of creative exercise approaches. According to the downsizing strategy, activities that the sports clubs had to reduce included reducing financial costs by using creative approaches and retaining former sports club customers, and ultimately eliminating strategies, including activities that sports clubs should not to do including wrong training activities and training mistakes in sports clubs and eliminating delays in providing services to sports club stakeholders.

The concept of pride is closely related to the sport environment and one of the characteristics of an athlete is humility and humility. The aim of present research is to normalize pride questionnaire in athletic society. The research method is correlational. Statistical population in this study was athletes in one of futsal, volleyball, basketball, water polo leagues. In order to examine data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and for data gathering Tracy and Robins 2007 pride questionnaire with two factors of authentic (7 questions) and heuristic pride (7 questions) were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.93 by Cronbach's alpha. For normalize questionnaires confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and LISREL were used. The results of factor analysis of the Pride Questionnaire indicated that the reliability of the two components of Authentic and Heuristic pride was 0.88 and 0.90. Results obtained confirmed the reliability of questionnaire. Results of behavior questionnaire factor analysis indicated that questionnaire has acceptable relevance. And two questions with a factor load less than 0.9 were removed from the false pride factor, Furthermore, research final showed that heuristic pride, it promotes a moral behaviors such as ignoring athletic spirit and resorting to deception and offense in order to achieve success. Therefore, considering the utility of the tool, the Pride Questionnaire can be a useful tool for identifying the type and amount of pride, reinforcing positive pride and moderating the negative pride of athletes in different sports fields.

As we enter the 21st century, sports are becoming an essential part of the toolbox of a country’s public diplomacy. The aim of this study was at modeling of soft power implementation throughout sport diplomacy. This was a fundamental study, a qualitative one that held in survey. The statistical population included the international experts in the fields of public and sports diplomacy. By review of the literature, 200 experts were identified, and 30 experts were selected as sample using purposive sampling method. A semi-open researcher-made questionnaire was designed to collect the experts’ opinions. Fuzzy Delphi method was used for data analysis using Excel 2013 software. The results of two fuzzy Delphi round analyzes led to the confirmation of the model of soft power implementation throughout sport diplomacy. Hence, sports diplomacy resources were classified into three categories, including sporting events, sports human capitals, and sports producers and products. The conversion Tools of sports diplomacy resources to diplomatic outcomes were identified as official and sports diplomacy solidarity, competent cultural ambassadors, high performance, and mass media coverage. The outcomes of sport diplomacy endeavors were categorized into two groups of explicit/special outcomes and implicit/general outcomes. The main outcome of the implementation of sport diplomacy initiatives and plans is to create peace through the reduction/elimination of tension between hostile states/nations and the development of peace between friendly states/nations.

The purpose of this study was Business management in crisis period caused by the coronavirus and to provide the factors, challenges and strategies. The qualitative research method was selected with a systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two parts: human resources (professors, managers and analysts) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). Adequate sampling was performed by judging based on theoretical saturation (18 and 48 documents). The research tools included the study of systematic libraries and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and approved based on the legal validity of the sample, the opinion of the experts and the agreement between the proofreaders. To analyze the findings, multi-stage conceptual coding method with system analysis approach was used. The final conceptual framework included 77 components, 22 dimensions, 8 perspectives and 3 identified levels. The three levels of the model include contextual-environmental, structural-functional and process-functional levels, the sub-variables of which are sequentially effective-effective against each other. Finally, the most important challenges and strategies in and out of the system for business management efficiency in crisis situations and Corona's economic record were presented based on the conceptual framework. Based on the general findings, it can be said that the management of sports businesses in times of crisis and economic recession requires the use of change and innovation strategy along with technology-based environmental networking.

Global talent management can have significant positive impacts on the performance of organizations. Identification of processes, substrates and agents of global talent management can be effective in improving the performance of sports organizations. The aim of this study is to explain the factors influencing global talent management with emphasis on human capital development in Iranian sports organizations. this research was carried out by qualitative research with an exploratory- discriptive nature. Through a snowball targeted sampling and based on deep interviews, the research data was collected from experts and managers. According to the Grounded theory method, data was analyzed after encoding. The results of research have identified factors such as inter-organizational and intra-country factors, structural factors, environmental factors, behavioral factors, managerial factors, agents outside the organization and country, intelligence of human resources, intelligence of competitors, intelligence of customers and intelligence of the market as effective causes of global talent management. Based on the proposed model, it is recommended that the various role of effective global talent management be considered and considered to promote and develop this important system of measures.

The purpose of this study was to design a role model for the role of mass media in the development of public sport in the country and its strategies. The research method is qualitative and exploratory. The statistical population consisted of university professors and sports media experts and creators. The field of study and having academic backgrounds related to the subject, having managerial positions and executive experience in the field of public sport were among the criteria for selecting the top list of experts. The sampling method was non-probability sampling with purposeful selection with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. The sample size in this study was 16 persons based on theoretical saturation index. The interviewing tool was open-ended and based on three open, axial and selective coding steps that were analyzed with the help of Maxqda 2018 software. Based on the data analysis of the 145 primary concepts, 4 main categories were identified. Then, seven theoretical theories were developed based on a paradigm model for designing the role model of mass media in the development of national sport and its cognitive strategies. Identified indicators included development barriers, facilitation factors, development factors, development strategies, and consequences of the development of mass sport with respect to the role of the media.