نشریه پژوهش های برنامه و توسعه
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1400)

Poverty has always been considered one of the most important concerns of human societies and due to high importance of the issue, different approaches are chosen to deal with it. However due to the high dominance of neoclassical economics in the theoretical aspect and modelling, most approaches are hinged on neoclassical framework. This study is based on exploratory approach and tries to combine and unify the findings of poverty policy making in the behavioral economics to build a comprehensive explanation of the policies, theories and policy recommendations of the behavioral paradigm in contrast with the neoclassical one. It will help us demonstrate the effect of different insights pertaining to these paradigms on selection of policy approach to tackle poverty. In this research descriptive- analytical method has been utilized, based on secondary systematic analysis on previous studies.Our findings reveal that the different approaches of neoclassic and behavioral approach leads to different functions for them in economic studies. The Axiomatic and Normative approach of Neoclassical economics versus descriptive and explanative nature of the behavioral approach makes the neoclassical approach as ideal type and criterion for the theoretic maturity. However in the explanation of poverty based on the real life facts of the poor, decision making procedure and the preference structure, behavioral approach is considered as a complement to the neoclassical economics and is mostly preferred.On the other hand, findings of Behavioral Economics reveal the Social Nature and dependence of the decisions to a Reference Point. So, the Possibility for the use of Nudges and more synergy from peers instead of an Impartial Observer (in Neoclassical Economics) results in more efficient outcomes in practice. Therefore, Behavioral Economics emerges more efficient in application in contrast with the Neoclassical one.

The Purpose of this study is to develope a technologically entrepreneurial model with Open Innovation Approach for Iranian knowledge-based companies operating in oil and gas industries. It helps them achieve their goals in line with the sustainable economic development considerations. Therefore, a mixed exploratory approach is adapted which incorporates both content and survey analysis to captures the qualitative   and quantitative aspects. In Qualitative section of this study 87 articles out of 336 articles from ISI and Scopus databases were selected while in quantitative section Delphi method was used in which 15 questionnaires designed and distributed in relevance to key respondents. In Path Analysis Stage a sample of 230 questionnaires were randomly distributed among company managers. Validity and reliability of qualitative part were confirmed by inclusion criteria, review by expert coder, multi-coder agreement, and that of quantitative part were confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha. Qualitative data and quantitative data were analyzed respectively by open and axial coding, and fuzzy Delphi and path analysis. The results indicate that open innovation is effective in discovering new technologies, creating product or process innovations and thus creating value and gaining a competitive advantage. It facilitates the technological entrepreneurship and increases the profitability and market share. Also, organizational and environmental factors have the greatest impact on technological entrepreneurship and corporate success through open innovation. This research help companies succeeds in their goals and policy makers to achieve sustainable development.

Air transport is one of the key sub-sector  of transport industry, which has a high value added and novel technologies. Taking into consideration the importance of the employment in Iranian economy, this research investigates the contribution of air transport industry to employment in Iran. In this research ,CES function is used to determine employment potential in this industry. This model considers workforce as dependent variable and value added, wage and capital price as independent variables  . Data time span covers the period 1382 to 1397 (2003 to 2018). The Econometric model is estimated by Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL( subject to a boundary test approach. Boundary test result confirms correlation among the variables,which indicates interpretable long-term relationship between the variables . Result of the long term model estimation shows that the estimated coefficients for the variables (value added, wage and capital price) are statistically meaningful and their values are 0.16, 0.62 and -0.23, respectively.

In the light of the fact that our available resources are limited and in particular the energy has a significant and important role in economic growth and development, it is thus important to determine key factors impacting on energy demand. In this paper investigation is made on how the financial depth impacts on energy consumption through the economic growth channel, using the Generalized Method of Moments technique covering the period 1978-2020. The results show that financial depth does affect energy consumption through the channel of economic growth. The Findings also indicate that financial depth and gross domestic product had positive impact on energy consumption while the energy price had the negative impact on energy consumption. According to our research findings, one percent increase in GDP and energy prices brings about 1.42 and 0.10 percent change in energy consumption, respectively. Also, the indirect impact of financial development on energy consumption through economic growth channel is 0.0568%. Also, the results of this study help Policymakers adopt an effective planning for energy demand and promote private sector development in order to achieve economic growth envisaged in the plan.

This research papers seeks to identify alignment factors between planning and budgeting practices in Tehran municipality and also provide solutions on how to establish and enhance this alignment, using the grounded theory method based on Strauss and Corbin framework. The data collection was made by purposive sampling strategy implemented through the semi structured interviews of 21 participants. The participants were grouped in tree categories via, managers of Tehran Municipality, University Experts and Former members of Tehran City Council (3 persons).  For each category ,21 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Based on the results derived from interviews, actions need to be taken for the strengthening the alignments between planning and budgeting are as follow:   reform in plans and indicators therein, debt management, cost management, reform in processes and procedures, reform in laws and regulations, control and supervision, implementation of performance-based budgeting, fiscal discipline in planning and budgeting, systemic thinking, plan requirements, requirements related to the implementation of the plan), capital budgeting. Also, factors such as process reform, awareness and training, organizational capabilities, transparency, leadership, law reform and the promotion of information technology platforms, pave the way for aligning budgeting with planning.

Today, urban and regional planning has evolved into a complex process in which a group of acting agents and decision-makers decide about the current and future status qua of the city and region. Due to this change in the planning system, the position of a planner has changed from a skilled technician and decision maker to a facilitator who play a coordinating role between different acting agents in regard to their conflicting interests. Planning practices in border regions are undergoing a different course due to dominance of different acting agents initiating and implementing the decisions on the status quo of the city and its periphery. As such it has affected the developments of the spatial organization in these regions. cross-border interactions opportunities and the governance influenced by a network of actors over the border economy has undergone extensive changes in the case of Border County space organization (Baneh, Kurdistan province) both at micro and macro spaces in the past years. These changes seem to be untenable because of many internal and external influencing factors and the role played by local, regional and national actors in this regard. As such many changes has emerged in the spatial organization of the city Baneh and its periphery. This paper has aimed to explain how the acting agents have had influencing effects on the changes in Baneh Border County space organization. This case study is qualitative in nature. Two rounds of Delphi technique were used to select indicators for the measurement of the changes in the space organization. Relationships between the actors network were assessed using Actors Network Theory (ANT) and UciNet software. The results of this study show that actors can change the organizations in a region many times due to their power and influence.