مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 68 (مهر و آبان 1400)

The aim of this qualitative research was to present an educational program pattern to achieve gender equality and violence prevention against women in sports and using grounded theory based on the Strauss-Corbin approach. The participants consisted of women sports experts including professors of sports management, researchers in the field of women's sports, managers and authorities of sports organizations, coaches, athletes, sociologists and psychologists (N=21) who were selected by using judgement sampling method and participated in the interview. Open, axial and selective coding methods were used to analyze the data. In a semi-structured interview with experts, a set of basic themes was collected during the coding process, and categories were extracted from them. In the axial coding stage, relationships between categories under the heading of causal conditions including motivational skills, the main phenomenon including gender awareness, strategies including anger management skills and environmental education, intervening conditions including gender and culture, contextual factors including participatory learning, and outcomes including cognitive skills and social skills were identified in the coding paradigm. In the selective coding stage, all components of the coding paradigm were described; the model was drawn and the theory was formulated and presented. The research results extracted 8 main components and 21 sub-components presented in the form of a theoretical frame based on the grounded theory. Results indicates that the factor of training coaches and athletes is an essential factor to achieve gender equality and prevent violence against women.

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for economic development model of sport industry using social networks. The research method was a two-stage instrumental exploratory combination.  In the qualitative section, 16 experts in the field of sport management (selected for identifying the economic development model of the sports industry using social networks) were interviewed. The tool used for identifying the factors of the economic development model of the sports industry using social networks, was semi-structured interviews with focus groups (and document studies) to evaluate validity and reliability of the study. In the quantitative part, the research method was descriptive-survey. The study population was all faculty members of the colleges and departments of physical education and sport science in the colleges of the country. According to the latest statistics, there are 38 educational centers with a population of 369, 189 of whom were selected by random sampling based on Cochran formula. The instrument used in the quantitative section was a researcher-made scale based on the qualitative sector-based data theory network. Face validity was assessed by ten sport management professors, and the content validity of the questionnaire was used by Carcass model (CVR=0.86) which content validity was confirmed. Convergent validity, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha were used. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of the qualitative research showed that the strategic factor of the model is multiple value creation of social networks for economic development, and in terms of outcomes, expected and intangible results from organizations, institutions and sponsors were considered. In addition, in the quantitative part, the relevant t-values of each factor have a significant impact, and the whole framework of the economic development model of the sports industry has been endorsed by the use of social networks. The results also showed that the research model has a good fit.

Iranian sport has a basic need to knowledge. Before financing, knowledge must be injected into the body of sport in order to choose the right path, and policy making be put in the right direction. The purpose of this study was to design policy making model of Olympic sports. The research method is qualitative-quantitative mixed method with an exploratory approach. The statistical population in qualitative section includes faculty members of universities and managers who have at least ten years of management experience in sports, while quantitative section includes members of the strategic council, senior staff managers, middle staff managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, presidents of federations and sports delegations of Olympic sports. In the qualitative section, 12 people and in the quotative section, 5 to 10 subjects were required for each question, thus 297 people formed the statistical sample. Data collection tool in the qualitative section was semi-structured interview the results of which were designed in form of a questionnaire with 6 main factors and 13 sub-factors. For content validity, expert’s opinion and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and combined reliability indicators, Cronbach's alpha, divergent and convergent validation and structural equation modeling were used by SPSS23 and PLS2 softwares. The fit index of model was reported 0.70 and results confirmed the final model in six main factors: economic, organizational, organizational orientation, expert manpower, infrastructure and sporting perspective. Therefore, it is suggested that these factors be considered when policymakers' decision-making.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity and quality of scientific production, especially published articles, in the field of Iranian sports sciences in faculties over the last 5 years (2015-2020) based on the Scopus database in this descriptive study, 334 full-time faculty members are included who are PhD graduated in the field of physical education amongst 18 different universities in Iran. The information of faculty members and the number of faculties are extracted from the Scopus database. Later, the data is analyzed through Excel and SPSS softwares. The results of the study illustrated that the faculties of Physical Education in Tehran, Gilan, Ferdowsi Mashhad, Kharazmi and Isfahan universities had published the highest number of articles over the targeted period. In terms of the quality of the published papers, results have also shown that Kharazmi University (45), Tehran (28), Gilan (26) and Mohaghegh Ardabili (22) had better conditions in terms of the number of outstanding articles (Quarter 1). After that, Tehran university (51), Isfahan (41), Kharazmi (40) and Gilan (28), respectively, were recorded at the second level of Scopus raking (Quarter 2). Overall, it can be seen that there is a serious strategy to encourage the members in some of the selected universities for having published their research on international index databases. It is also given the impression that research-based universities and some of the other universities offering basic sciences and medicine courses were roughly taken a suitable place in terms of quality of the published articles.

The aim of the present study was to diagnose the pathology of frequent changes of coaches in the Iranian Football Premier League.The present study is applied in terms of purpose; In terms of exploratory nature;In terms of data collection, descriptive-survey and due to application, Q methodology is a type of mixed research.The statistical population was all veterans and elites of Iranian football, from which 20 people were selected as participants by a combination of purposeful and non-probabilistic sampling and snowball sampling. Finally, the main factors in the frequent change of coaches in the clubs of the Iranian Football Premier League were prioritized based on six mental patterns.Club minded people, ignorant managers, ignorant coaches, the yellow media, a flawed economy,and ultimately destructive communication were among the mental patterns that emerged from the research.According to the research findings, it is suggested that officials and policy makers of sports, especially football managers, by adopting executive strategies to create stable conditions for coaches to work with knowledge, motivated and future by increasing the legal knowledge of coaches in cooperation contracts, skills development Communicate and express their wishes and opinions clearly with managers and the media, reduce political games and destructive behaviors in the club, reduce mediation and mediation in the field of coaching, design, develop and implement professional principles and regulations in clubs, develop a vision and strategic plan for The club and the activities of the club and the selection of sports and football managers as CEOs at the top of the clubs.

The purpose of this study was to identify the opportunities arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in sport context. This research has been a qualitative exploratory study that has been done using a thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the study included experts in the field of sports management and futurology, and according to the nature of the research, 12 experts were interviewed as a statistical sample through snowball sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis of the data by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 76 codes, 12 sub-themes and six main themes. The findings showed that "E-learning", "Virtual Sports", "New Culture", "Social Responsibility", "Science, Technology and Innovation", and "New Entrepreneurship" are among the explored opportunities that have been introduced to the sports field due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the research findings, despite the challenges posed by the prevalence of COVID-19 for the field of sports, it is possible to take advantage of the existing opportunities to strengthen and develop some aspects of sports, and thus cope with some of the threats and challenges posed by Corona.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting good governance in the structure of national championship sports. The present study was a type of sequential exploratory project. The statistical population in qualitative part consists of faculty members, sports policy makers and decision makers at macro level, and in quantitative part, members of Strategic Council of Ministry of Sports and Youth, senior staff managers of Ministry of Sports and Youth, middle staff managers of Ministry Sports and Youth, and vice-president and secretary of sports federations. The statistical sample was selected in qualitative section of 15 experts to reach theoretical saturation using theoretical targeted techniques and snowballs. Further, in quantitative section between 5 to 10 samples were needed for each item, so 294 people selected statistical sample. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in qualitative part and researcher-made questionnaire in quantitative part. The reliability of the interviews was 0.79 by intra-subject agreement study. For content validity, from experts' point of view and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), and combined reliability indices, Cronbach's alpha divergent and convergent validity, and structural equation modeling were used. Finally, the model of optimal governance in the structure of the country's championship sport with ten factors was presented. Therefore, it is proposed to document the governance structure based on the democratic structure, and support and evaluation of the government for the decision of the private sector and civil society, and the alignment and cooperation of all three sectors.

This research was conducted with the aim of the role of sports pattern in explaining the public diplomacy of Iran. The present study was conducted within the framework of a qualitative approach, and the required data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of this study were all experts in social participation in sport, including sports management professors (8 students), professors of international relations and political science (3 students), senior sports officials (3 people), and elite athletes (3 people). The sample method was snowballs mode. The method of data collection was based on previous studies and in-depth interviews. To assess credibility, transfer, and verifiability, they provided the participants with the findings of the research, and they examined the text of the theory and their views. The method used for reliability was an intra-subject agreement method. The average agreement within the subject was 0.73. Causal factors influencing the role of exercise in explaining Iranian public diplomacy included soft power, information and communication, the understanding and insight. Contextual factors included cast and learning, and intervention factors were effective environmental factors. Also, strategies affecting the role of sport in explaining Iranian public diplomacy included: Empowerment, communication networks and public propulsion, and finally the implications of the role of sport in explaining public diplomacy in Iran. They included economic function, cultural function, political function, and social development.

The aim of this research was designing and  explainingthe model of professional empowerment for female sports managers. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of the managers of sport organizations and sport management professors of universities. The statistical sample was estimated as sufficient for modeling in PLS software (n = 167). Sampling was performed by judging method. Research tools consisted of researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section with 89 questions at 5-point Likert scale. Validity of the research instrument was confirmed by content validity (n=10), reliability (Cronbach's alpha), and construct validity (fit indices). The research model consisted of three levels of background, structural-process and functional factors with 10 main variables and its 22 dimensions. The results of modeling showed that the effect of national management (0,454) and sport environment (0.373) was significant on systemic capacity. The effect of system capacity was significant on strategism (0.794), information provision (0.776) and organizational platform (0.700). In addition, the effect of organizational platform, information provision and strategism was significant on job readiness (0.897, 0.455 and 0.323). The effect of job readiness was significant on professionalization (0.752) and empowerment (0.672). Finally, the effects of professionalization and empowerment procedure were significant on empowerment results with coefficients of 0.966 and 0.192, respectively. Based on the study findings, we can say the professional empowerment of female managers in sports organizations, is a consequent outcome in a chain of background, structural process, and functional factors. Therefore, positive intervention in each of the factors can have a significant effect on the managers’ performance and generalization  of gender justice in the management of sports organizations.

This research is aimed at analyzing the role of social and cultural issues in developing the use of green energy in sport facilities. The research is of exploratory mixed type. In qualitative part, meta-synthesis method was used for recognizing the dimensions of the role of social and cultural issues on development of the use of green energy. In quantitative part, first, the validity of the model was approved based on the experts’ survey and then, the fitness of the model was checked by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In meta-synthesis phase, the studied population included the relevant theses and research papers (35 cases); in experts’ survey, the population included 9 experts of green energy and sociology  area, and in factor analysis phase, the population included the mangers and experts of Renewable Energy Organization, the managers and experts of the Organization of Developing and Equipping Sport Facilities and subsidiary departments, the managers and experts in the Reconstructive Unit of Ministry of Sport and Youth and the Provincial General Office of Youth and Sports  .Sampling method in the first stage was total population, in the second stage, it was was purposive sampling.Moreover, in factor analysis phase, the sampling was done by stratified method, and 235 people were selected based on Morgan table. Meta-synthesis findings showed that awareness and attitudes towards green energy, legitimacy and social acceptance of green energy, the existence of non-governmental organizations supporting the environment and green energy, and a pioneer and cultural issues are social and cultural factors influencing the use of green energy in sports venues. Validity of the model was obtained as 0.897 by Sigma counting method. The results of factor analysis showed that the model has a proper fitness. In general, it is concluded that in addition to providing green energy infrastructures, social acceptance is a prerequisite for developing green energy use in sports facilities by increasing awareness and changing attitudes through the use of public institutions, social networks and culture-building

The purpose of this research was to design relationship model of career self-efficacy and social capital at the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iran. Statistical population of this study included 850 employees that working at the all levels (the managerial and operational levels) of Ministry of Youth and Sports in Iran. On the basis of Morgan table, 265 persons were selected through cluster-sampling. To achieve the research goals, the questionnaires of  MLQScherer Public Self-efficacy and Putnam Social Capital were used. V.Validity of two questionnaires was confirmed by 15 experts, and their reliability were studied  in preliminary study with 30 subjects and calculated as 0.8 and 0.73,      respectively. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods, including Kolmogorov-—اSmirnov ،Single sample مstudent test LSD, and path analysis were used. In addition, for determination of the causal relationship between variables, the method of structural equations model by application of Amos V.18 software and SPSSV.16 were used. Research findings showed that career self-efficacy is not desirable, and social capital is desirable at the ministry of youth and sports of Iran. There is a significant relationship between career self- efficacies with social capital. Their relationship model has desirable goodness. Also, at their relationship model the cognitive factors with coefficient of 0.8, the structural factors with coefficient of 0.74, and the communicational factors with coefficient of 0.71, have the most roles. 

The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the international development of table tennis in Iran. From the paradigm perspective, this research is an interpretive research, a qualitative approach, a grounded theory strategy, and a hidden content analysis tactic. The present study is of exploratory nature. The statistical population of this research included the table tennis experts, , the coaches of the Iranian national table tennis teams, senior managers in the Ministry of Sports and Youth and the Table Tennis Federation, were members of the scientific board in the field of sports management. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with these individuals. 226 Preliminary codes were extracted from the initial interviews regarding the factors influencing the improvement of Iranian international table tennis, with the frequency of 460. 13 main categories and 37 pivotal categories were considered regarding the factors affecting the international development of table tennis in Iran. The highest coefficient of importance belonged to managerial factors and specialized and technical factor that were calculated with the coefficient of importance 104 and 80, respectively. Also, the lowest coefficient of importance was related to the category of government and governance, the nature of the field and the media factor that were as 7, 12 and 13, respectively. Managers of the Iranian Table Tennis Federation should consider the role of causal conditions (economic, social factors, infrastructure development and technical and professional factors), intervening conditions (motivational factors, media factor, nature of table tennis) and background conditions (talent identification, managerial factor, government and governance, educational institutions and the development of public sports) as factors influencing the international development of table tennis.