Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Summer 2020

The world around us in the new age faces various environmental threats, which has led to our cities being involved. With increasing interest in the environment and the development of environmental knowledge, attention to the renovation of Urban distressed exhausted tissues has become one of the main concerns of urban management in this time. And schools as one of the most important urban places have become a place for maintaining and promoting environmental culture in terms of physical and educational. Eco-schools is an international program of the foundation for environmental education that aims to empower students to be the change our sustainable world needs by engaging them in fun, action-orientated and socially responsible learning. This article aims at introducing ECO- Schools using a descriptive and comparative method, and setting native criteria for these schools with using the AHP method to for physical renovation with environmental goals. The results of the research show that, unlike some countries, that most important criteria are environmental education and meaning, in Iran, due to lack of appropriate infrastructure, the most important criteria were the sustainable public transport system and school environment quality. Overall, the renovation of the ordinary schools and change them into ECO-school, one of the best ways to educate and preserve the environment for generations and   socially oriented economy will save time and money and create efficient and sustainable urban context.

In this research, the quantitative and qualitative of the vulnerability of the nonmilitant airports against human threats is being evaluated based on the principles of passive defense. Airports are known to be one of the symbols of development in order for being capable to transfer high capacity of passengers and goods between long distances in the least required time. Non-militant airports are considered as one of the most valuable sources of finance in any country and the slightest deterioration in its function of damage of any kinds would cause substantial loss to the nation. The pattern of the applied research and the methodology of the current research AHP-FEMA technique has been used to analyze. The results show that most are ill prepared. The results prove that air strikes and bombings bring the most damage to the non-militant airports, according  to  the  15  specified  key  assets.  Thereupon  each  of  the  primary  elements  of  the  airport  will  be analyzed.

Urban land is one of the most significant constituents’ portfolio of urbanhouseholds in Iran; Land prices also have the greatest impact on real estate prices. In the construction of urban management of Iran, valuation of urban land prices is not a special trustee, and in fact, the offices of the estate consultant, the builders and owners of each one, agreeing to their interests, determine the value of a domain. On the other hand, the value of urban land has a direct relationship with access to the city’s physical-spatial facilities. This article is a physical-spatial factors affecting the value of residential land in Zaferanieh neighborhood in Tehran as a case study, identified during the literature review and interviews with experts, investors and residents of the neighborhood, using components derived from The ANP method is prioritized and weighed. The results show that contents of research including visibility into surrounding areas of land, access to facilities and urban activities, the structure of land plots, comfort, image and security of the residents of the environment. The model for estimating the physical-spatial components affecting the value of residential land derived from the research in the case study; can provide an effective tool for determining and controlling the price of urban land, as well as creating a real estate tax map for country-land.

The restrictions available in metropolis extend the construction of residential complexes and reduce the percentage of private court in contemporary architecture. In addition to supplying the light of interior places and natural ventilation, residential open space is considered an opportunity to have more relationship with nature and a place for social interactions. Upward to the limitation of internal space in residential units and its relation to exterior space, traversing up and recognizing the current land of open spaces will result in designing the residential open spaces more consciously in the hereafter. In countries such as Iran, which have started and proceeded to build residential complexes using western models, the open spaces of residential complexes don’t create enough belonging feeling in residents. In this research, we try to analyze the key components of the quality of open residential spaces in relation to design in the urban spatial organization approach.

The solar energy has been studied in greater depth than several studies have been conducted on  solar  energy  use  systems  in  recent  decades.  Studies  have  identified  photovoltaic  (PV)  systems  as  one of the most widely used and practical ways to use solar energy. One of the applications of such systems is their home application. Establishing photovoltaic systems on the roofs and gables of residential buildings have received a good appreciation around the world within the recent years as with the ever-increasing trend of urban life and subsequently the decrease of sufficient space for establishing such generators, now the necessity of using the dead spaces of rooftops of the residential buildings is sensed more than ever. Considering the potential of Iran due to its suitable geographic position and specially concerning Tehran metropolitan, having on average 5 hours of sunlight per day, and considering 2,214,498 residential units in Tehran, and thereby the great number of dead spaces in the rooftops of residential buildings, the necessity of conducting this research is felt even more. In this paper, while briefly introducing the network connected photovoltaic (PV) systems and the term of utilizing them on rooftops of buildings, precise and optimized design and layout of solar panels (including the number of rows, length and width of panels, distance between panels and the slope of panels to horizon) are provided using PVSOL software. Moreover, reviewing several printed articles while having a new attitude toward the field of renewable energies, we have presented the main and functional criteria and measures for installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems stationed on rooftops of residential buildings. Further, considering high diversity of the influencing indicators on the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems in Tehran city, we have conducted a case study (Ekbatan residential complex) with the purpose of precisely implementing the indicators extracted from the present research.

Sustainable transportation management considers the effects of transportation development on economic efficiency, environmental issues, energy consumption, and social justice and aims to reduce environmental impact, increase the efficiency of the transportation system, increase access, and Improving the social life of the people. Therefore, in the field of indicators of energy consumption, environmental pollution, access, traffic, health, and social vitality and income as indicators of sustainable urban transportation and technical  studies  of  urban  transportation,  observing  the  principles  and  rules  Driving,  using  the  right  and standard fuel, increasing safety and health, and making more use of technology are considered as strategies to achieve sustainable transportation. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors and strategies for implementing sustainable transportation in the metropolis of Tehran. Methodology of the research is applied in  terms  of  purpose  and  their  prioritization  has  been  done  using  the  descriptive-analytical  method; After categorizing the effective factors and solutions into 7 main groups and 34 sub-groups, 30 experts related to urban issues were collected using a questionnaire and prioritized using the AHP hierarchical analysis method. The results show that because in most cases urban transport planning issues are such that decision elements have feedback and interdependence, the network analysis process can have many applications in this field. Have.

The most effective policies in the field of ensuring the stability of transportation networks are: First - technical studies of urban transportation, second - increasing safety and health. According to the sensitivity analysis, the variables of accessibility, energy consumption, and social vitality have the greatest impact on the final ranking of options.

Cities are growing rapidly, 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, this rapid growing leads to rapid and continuous demand in resources as inputs to the urban system which creates an urgent need to deal with it as output as well. This complex, diverse and multi stakeholder’s environment the city with conflicts among its ecological, economic and social aspects, is facing a common question which is how to achieve sustainability? New studies on sustainable urban planning call for a more integrated approach to answer this question the concept of urban metabolism (UM) has expanded from its biological under-standing to analyze the interrelations between the natural, human and built environment in cities, and how they interact with their hinterlands at various scales. The notion of urban metabolism has been employed in various disciplines and has recently started to influence urban planning and policy. This paper aims to examine how the UM concept can be integrated into urban planning by recognizing the most used methodology of UM anlysis.at the end of research we compared different approaches of UM studies and criterias which were analyzed.

Parameters of urban morphology and its elements such as building mass density as well as the type of direction and width of passages and block structure in addition to climate change, also affect the behavior of citizens, targeting the type of variable change and indexing and the quality of sub-branch communication. Their works are among the most essential analytical provisions. The main purpose is to investigate our relationship between variables affecting the creation of urban climate-micro according to the different morphology of the urban fabric of Tehran metropolis, which is practically not the type of fabric in the form of scenario, which can be referred to our relationship between SVF and urban FAR. In addition, the analysis of the effects of urban morphological parameters on micro-climate variables such as enclosed temperature (T) and mean radiation temperature (mrt) can also show optimal results in the form of parametric study considering the interactions between urban morphology and urban micro-climate. As a result, according to the general analysis and results in the current research, the two groups of the mentioned scenarios have a significant and affected relationship between morphological parameters and variables of urban micro-climate. This research is based on field perception, data and simulation using It is one of the basic software and also energy analysis in the topic of urban climate such as ENVI.met. In addition, the two groups of findings can be expressed in such a simple way that one; The SVF decreases when the BSC is increasing at a constant FAR. In addition, in the case of a sample with a fixed FSI, this factor increases as FAR increases. Enclosed temperature and average radiation temperature are also strongly correlated with urban morphological parameters in the presence of a constant FAR. According to these results, the BSC 25 was the best manifestation of reducing and calming the intensity of the heat island as well as the thermal comfort of the climate during summer nights.

The tourism as an industry also third important sector that attracts foreign money to the  country.Number of travellers who are interested in spending their valuable time in leading tourist destinations is increasing everyday. It  has been booming  and developing  since primitive , but it has been in the last few decades that specific attention has started to be given to this environment friendly  industry because of the income  from this in the form of foreign exchange and other means. Tourism has expanded from a relatively small activity of limited importance in the early 19th century to arguably the largest industry in the World today. Olden days human beings had a pursuit for wandering, people used to move for food and shelter after it became a wealthy affair of some opulent people visiting places for leisure activities. Now globally, tourism is a vital industry, recognized as an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and their international relations. India is one of the most popular destinations in Asia, bounded by the Himalayan ranges in the north, and surrounded on three sides by water (the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean), with a long history and diverse culture. Kerala has always been a favourite destination for the foreign as well as domestic tourists.   Until the early 1980‟s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination. However, marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourist Development Corporation laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry in the state. Today, Kerala tourism is a Global super brand and regarded as one of the most famous tourist destinations. In 2017, Kerala attracted one million foreign tourists and 14 million domestic tourists. An annual increase of 10 per cent in foreign tourists and 11.3 per cent in domestic tourist arrivals (Kerala Tourism statistical report.

A categorization system is an approach, and at the same time, a general process for generating groups of ideas, objects, or concepts that all recognize them, while at the same time differentiating one into a whole. Urban square, as the main and urban space, needs a comprehensive understanding of the categorizing structure. The routine of urban squares classification approaches, as represented by theorists, has a formal or content-oriented construction and rarely has both of these dimensions. Only the stated categories do not really have the comprehensiveness to have a full-fledged methodology, and virtually all the standards that can be extracted by reverse engineering, for square recognition, lead the audience to some degree of ambiguity and complexity. The purpose of this research is to explain the new type of view and the criteria for the cognitive approach of one phenomenon, which can provide a complete categorization, which in this study is called the phenomenological category of the urban square, which is characterized by Urban Square Comprehensive Cognition Matrix that capability Applies to.The type of research is analytic-developing, an extension that is also used to explain the type of product used. With the use of this matrix, one can consider all aspects of the form and content in the square and in some way inject the meaning into its structure. This matrix, on the one hand, takes the criteria of cognition and on the other side covers the urban areas and also, if used for several types of squares, can be used as a means of comparing the quality of urban squares and their ranking. The matrix is an evolving of the criteria mentioned in the research of urban squares researchers, according to which the universality of the USCCM matrix can be confirmed. Finally, by patterning this category, the criteria mentioned in the study for evaluation and analysis of the urban square are also discussed in future studies.

Since most of the annual energy consumption in each country is related to the construction, optimization of energy consumption in buildings is important.  When a single issue of energy is investigated, especially in residential buildings, design standard and specific rules could be seen that to achieve solutions for low energy consumption, help- ing. Of course, these rules depending on the occupation levels, receive heat, heat loss and building diversity of users are different and therefore are not easily standardized. In addition, a solution for a successful commercial or industrial building is not automatically to be used for other buildings. For example needs of heating, cooling and lighting and heat absorption capabilities of people, equipment, lighting and the sun should be in relation to building form, orientation, structure, pattern of occupation and environmental needs are assessed to ensure that all the points already are to appear on the general design decisions to be applied. So this article is trying to introduce the factors affecting energy consumption, the proposed solutions will be based on the lowest consumption in the construction, and eventually reached a sustainable design.

The most important public urban spaces are squares, which have been called by various titles such as the beating heart of urban activities, open spaces called urban lungs and the main centers of social interactions, and the main signs of identity and civic and historical character of cities. The constituent structures of the squares enclosing the field are important both in terms of their impact on the field space and the role they play in urban cells. The most important thing about buildings, regardless of their role in the body of the field, is the energy consumed by them and the microclimate created by the arrangement of the masses. Preventing the creation of heat islands and consequently creating thermal comfort as well as optimizing energy consumption in buildings are among the main and most important agendas in the field of cities today. Microclimate assessment is done by ENVI-Met4 software on modeling this case (assumed future situation). In the next step, in order to achieve the desired micro-climate, the criteria required for the texture will be simulated and evaluated and presented in two groups of scenarios, based on which a three- dimensional simulation of the urban fabric of the design site will be performed. The second evaluation in the software will be for this case, and if the micro-climate situation improves due to the applied changes, the desired texture for the design site and the body enclosing the field will be suggested.