نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 31 (زمستان 1400)

After being ousted from SAVAK, Timur Bakhtiar opposed Mohammad Reza Shah and established a base in Iraq for armed struggle, trying to attract the people of western Iran to his organization. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the people of Ilam as one of the first groups that fought in the armed struggle against the Pahlavi regime in the late 1940s. The main question of the present study is what were the security reasons and consequences of the tendency of some groups from Ilam to Timur Bakhtiar? The findings of the study, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and based on unpublished documents of SAVAK, indicate that increasing the awareness of the people of Ilam about the situation in the country through interaction with the cities of Najaf and Karbala and the oppression of SAVAK and Pahlavi regime security forces in Ilam had prepared the ground for confronting the regime. During Bakhtiar's revolt against the Shah, the people of Ilam, who were not able to organize and equip their own forces, tried to seize the opportunity and confront the Pahlavi regime; However, due to the fact that Bakhtiar's revolt was devoid of theoretical and religious foundations and other components of a political and social movement, after a few guerrilla actions and insecurity of borders, his organization was finally disbanded with his assassination in August 1349. But in terms of security, SAVAK created a violent atmosphere in the region, and many people in Ilam who joined it were arrested, imprisoned and some were executed.

The basis of a civilized and law-abiding society is based on security. Of course, no component is more important to the development of society than the element of security. One of the security organizations is the police organization to regulate and enforce social laws. However, throughout Iranian civilization, numerous institutions have been established to maintain security; but the new system of internal security in Iran dates back to the Qajar era. The modernization of the structure of order in Iran can be considered as one of the achievements of Nasser al-Din Shah's second visit to Europe. By inviting a police advisor, he laid the foundations for a modern police structure in Iran. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the question of what was the necessity of the presence of a police advisor in the modernization of the structure of Nazmiyeh? And what were the consequences? In addition, how is the presence of this advisor in Iran explained in accordance with the three scientific principles of structure and organization management, namely formality, complexity and concentration? Historical studies based on historical documents and sources showed that his actions led to specialization, division of labor, multiplicity and diversification of levels in the organizational hierarchy and focus on decision-making in order and he can be considered the founder of the new police in Iran. Due to the historical nature of this research, the research method relies on the collection and accurate description of data and analysis and explanation of historical events.

Throughout history, humans have used different defensive tools and methods to provide security and deal with natural and man-made hazards and disasters, according to the requirements of time and place. The construction of castles as an important part of defense and military fortifications has been one of these methods. In the history of Iran and different eras, including the Qajar era, according to the climatic and strategic conditions of different regions of Iran, for defense and military measures, the construction of defense fortifications and forts with a new approach based on Western thought and benefiting from the experiences of Western advisers. The region of Azerbaijan during the reign of Abbas Mirza is one of these regions. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the structural changes in the defense fortifications of Azerbaijan and the security role of the forts in this region, seeks to investigate and answer the question of what was the impact of external factors on the structure and security and military role of Azerbaijani fortifications? The research method is based on a theoretical and qualitative approach and in a historical-interpretive format in which, while introducing and expressing the effective factors in the structure of Azerbaijan's defense fortifications, five important and strategic fortresses in this region during the viceroy's period have been studied. The findings of the study indicate that geopolitical factors, the Iran-Russia war, the presence of foreign advisers and experts, Iranian students and intellectuals, and the presence of Abbas Mirza in Azerbaijan, play an important role in the structure of castles in the region and its security against foreign invasion.

The establishment of intelligence and security institutions in the Pahlavi period was one of the most important tools for exercising power. Mohammad Reza Shah, following the example of the American intelligence agencies (CIA) and Britain (MI6), sought to be informed of the internal developments in the country in the shortest possible time, and to this end, he created several organizations. One of these institutions was the Special Information Office, which was established in 1338. It was formed under the supervision of General Hossein Fardoust. The present article, with a descriptive and historical method and relying on library documents and sources and memoirs, seeks to answer the question of what caused the formation of the Special Information Office during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The findings show that the accelerating pace of domestic developments, the expansion of the bureaucracy, the rise of corruption and bribery among government officials, the need to identify and suppress opponents of the Pahlavi government, and international criticism of the situation in Iran prompted the Shah to Removing barriers to monarchy, exercising all-out authority in the country, reducing public dissatisfaction with government corruption, detecting and suppressing opposition and troublesome forces, along with SAVAK, the Inspectorate and other large intelligence-security institutions, the Special Intelligence Office To monitor the entire information and security system of the country.

Sahib al-Zanj revolted against the Abbasid caliphate in 255 AH around Basra and near Khuzestan with the slogan of rescuing slaves. He started his uprising by proposing some justice-oriented ideals and relying on violence, and resisted the caliphate for 15 years; during this period, Khuzestan was also constantly exposed to his activities. The main question of the present study is "what were the consequences of the Zangian uprising, carried out with justice-oriented slogans, on the security and social order of Khuzestan?"This research was a historical research using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the present study indicate that despite the design of some religious slogans, the rescue of Zangi slaves, the implementation of justice and the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate by Sahib al-Zanj, but his main approach after the beginning of the uprising and initial success, he impose his demands by looting and the brutal killing of people, especially city dwellers; In the meantime, the villages and towns of Khuzestan were repeatedly brutally attacked by the Zangians, people's property was looted, many of them were killed, some were enslaved and others fled their homes for fear; Of course, in some cases, they escaped the massacre by surrendering and paying a ransom. The result of Zangian's activity in Khuzestan was the trampling of the lives and property of the people of Khuzestan and the destruction of security and social order in this area; In addition, with their presence, other rival powers also attacked Khuzestan to fight the Zangians and increased insecurity in the region.

During the Timurid period, celebrations were held on various occasions. Some of these festivals took place during Timurid expeditions in areas such as the Nagorno-Karabakh, the Anatolian Peninsula, or in the meadows near Samarkand. Although celebrations were common among most rulers, Timur used the festivities for his own political and military purposes, thereby increasing the combat effectiveness of his troops. In addition to increasing the fighting power of the army, Timur pursued other goals; the festivities were in fact a display of the greatness and authority of the Timurid government to the audience, especially to the ambassadors and rulers who invited them to these festivals. The study of how Timur used the festivities to increase the fighting power of the troops in the wars is the subject of this research, and the question arises as to what military and political goals did Timur pursue in holding the festivities? This question has been examined and answered with reference to historical sources. It seems that Timur did not look at the festivals as just a social tradition.