نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 43، زمستان 1400)

The enduring war and conflict in Afghanistan and its endless years have raised many questions over the past 40 years and various answers have been given to the researcher. The most inefficient are the existence of inefficient government, the weakness of the security forces, the ability of extremist groups, the existence of safe havens, illegal trade, and such. In the meantime, the weakness of the government has been the basis of most research and the study of the effects of the war on the Afghan people has been neglected. Research shows that continuous exposure to naked violence will increase the level of violence in the individual. Achieving peace and stability will be difficult and unlikely, however, if one observes and uses violence in a 'normal' society and transforms identity norms. Thus, the paper argues that the solution to the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan is to strengthen the government, establish order, and also focus on the level of internalized violence in the various social layers in the country. This is what is referred to as "trauma" and "trauma states"

The emergence of the Syrian crisis means that Syria has become the center of confrontation between regional and supra-regional powers. Syria's geopolitical and strategic position has made it almost at the center of the conflict between the powerful countries and it has become a testing ground. Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, as well as Russia, the United States and Europe are playing a role in this crisis. Given the coexisting, conflicting and parallel interests of the actors, each of them seeks to expand their influence and gain maximum points. This descriptive-analytical article seeks to answer the question: What are the main strategies of Russian foreign policy in Syria from the perspective of smart power? In answer to this question, the hypothesis of the article states that based on the combined nature (soft power and hard power) in the smart power model, although the software dimensions of Russian power in the peripheral field have been seriously challenged, but the focal point of this country's smart power is based It is hard on power. Therefore, Russia's foreign policy is a combination of tough policies including the use of military power and supporting the role of actors such as Iran and Turkey on the one hand and soft policies including countering Western discourse, defending Assad and vetoing resolutions, maintaining balance between actors to manage etc. In this regard, Russia's intelligent power tried to make the most of the crisis and the period of Assad's stability at the lowest cost.

Revolutionary developments in information and communication technology have provided a profound impact on the socio-economic formation of societies and the reformulation of the international political economy system. The transformation resulting from the digital revolution in the world system is transmitted to five continents with intensity, weakness and changes. The direction of these changes is determined by the cultural, political, economic and security systems of countries in interaction with the world system. The purpose of this article is to examine the issue of what components in the Islamic Republic of Iran have affected the understanding of the system of cyberspace and dictated the severity and severity of the country's impact on cyberspace. The political economy of cyberspace expresses how different national and transnational spheres interact, during which the whole of cyberspace is in its current state. The main question of the research is what is the political economy of cyberspace in Iran and what is the result? The research has used quantitative-qualitative method to achieve its goals. Heterogeneity in the face of cyberspace as a whole and the greater weight of the negative confrontation of the regime, has led to confrontation and, consequently, to the non-exploitation of its potentials and the lack of prosperity.

Media economics combines the study of economics with the study of media, and the creative industries, having a model of media economy in the social network space, have economic, social and cultural functions and have the potential to generate wealth. This research, which is a basic research of descriptive-exploratory type, has been tried to present a model of media economics based on the "data foundation" method in humanities studies with the focus on media markets in accordance with the research method and objectives. The main research tool was semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable and expert people in the field that snowball sampling was performed among the executives and faculty members of the university who had the desired characteristics. The introduction of concepts, categories and meta-categories that grew from within the data to saturation was studied. The model of media economy in 5 main categories with the categories of technology, content production, audience as characteristics of economy and media; Predisposing factors with the meta-categories of trust building, competitiveness, privatization and communication; The category of reinforcing factors included: human factors, resource management, environmental factors and cultural factors. The consequences included: globalization and modeling and barriers to formation, including barriers to government intervention and mismanagement.

The Syrian crisis 2013 - 2020 has become one of the most acute crises in the Middle East. It has various levels, including its domestic roots, the role of regional actors, and global powers. Israel is one of the regional powers that has set unique and distinct goals compared to other powers. The purpose of this article is to explain the cultural foundations of the regime's involvement in the various stages of the Syrian crisis. The paper's main question is: "what basis has Israel been involved in the Syrian crisis 2013 - 2020?" The paper's hypothesis is as follows: "Israel's strategic behavior in the Syrian crisis is due to its strategic culture components such as seclusion in the security environment, survival under threat, and confrontational dogmatism." The article's findings show that the components of strategic culture have shaped the strategic behaviors and then Israeli strategic practices in Syria. Accordingly, it has carried out widespread preventive and pre-emptive attacks to balance military advantage in the Syrian sovereignty, particularly against the goals of its Syrian allies, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. The data of this article were collected in a library manner and processed by the qualitative method.

Under the US Constitution, Congress, along with the government, plays a key role in the decision-making process, formulation, and oversight of the implementation of US foreign policy and national security. An accurate understanding of the function of this legislative body can be found in the context of concepts such as recognizing the foundations and internal structure of the United States, the ideas and beliefs that govern these foundations, recognizing domestic political trends and dynamism in Congress and political establishment, and finally the link between domestic and foreign policy. The Concepts that are becoming meaningful in the context of change and transformation. The present article seeks to find the answer to the question of what identical or distinct attitudes towards itself and the government regarding Iran and JCPOA between 2009 and 2021, in the shadow of the bipartisan divide. According to the findings of this study, the general role of Congress towards Iran and JCPOA in the Obama era has been a restrictive and deterrent role in promoting diplomacy and interaction with Iran and sometimes disruptive in the effective implementation of JCPOA and in the Trump era has been in line with the government. The strength and weakness of this role has been largely dependent on the party policy and the quality of Iranian politics of the two governments. In conducting research, descriptive-analytical method is used and the analysis of this data is often qualitative, content and comparative.

Qatar is a modest but influential country in the Middle East that has evolved into a remarkable determinant that could leave crucial impacts upon the region's fate. Qatar's role has been distinguished from other regional actors in terms of foreign policy and new diplomacy in the region. Qatar's motives for adopting a mediating foreign policy are defined as maintaining its security and stability in areas with tense geography, contending and evading conflict by declaring for one of the parties, ambition to extend its influence as a regional determinant, particularly against Saudi Arabia, and as a bargaining chip in the international community. The question, “what is the impact of Qatar-US relations on the security of the Persian Gulf region?” has been raised to conduct this study, composed in a descriptive-analytical manner. Accordingly, the results of the study designate that Qatar's leaning towards the United States arises from its sense of insecurity and the fact that the United States acts as an advocate for Qatar in the region. Furthermore, Qatar's role in the political equation signifies that other conventional sources of power that include land, population, and military might, are not the sole forms of power, and novel sources such as the media, norms, and cultivating a brand can similarly serve as sources of power.

Cyberspace is a 21st century term used to define a wide range of networking tools or technologies that emphasize the social aspects of the Internet as a channel for communication, collaboration, and creative expression. One potential communication channel for such interaction and knowledge sharing is Twitter, which produces large amounts of news on a daily basis, including aspects of Twitter's impact on modern foreign policy, given its role in relations between governments and organizations. International is one of the most influential and challenging fields, and seriously, Twitter has emerged as a new medium and networking platform provided by digital media, hybrid media. In the last decade, this media has attracted the attention of politicians, especially diplomats, and has created a ground for reflecting their priorities, values and ideas. The use of this infrastructure has created a new type of diplomacy called "twitlomacy" and more than 92% of UN member states have accounts in this medium. This study sought to examine the content of Trump's tweets about JCPOA using theories related to diplomacy in order to provide a model for Trump's Twitter diplomacy. The main question was, what are the implications of Trump's tweets about JCPOA in order to provide a model for Trump's Twitter diplomacy? In this regard, using a qualitative method and using a network analysis of themes, among all Trump tweets, the list of tweets of the President of the United States of America (Donald Trump) between 2016-2019 was used to collect information

John Rawls, as an influential thinker in the school of liberalism, to explain the position and concept of justice in the international arena, proposes principles that can be reasonably agreed upon by governments in international custom and these principles as a common basis. And has raised fairly. In order to examine the foreign policy of the "Liberal Democratic states" in the international arena, Rawls evaluates the relations of these states with other states only according to the observance of the principles listed by them. Thus, the relationship of a liberal democratic state with other liberal democracies or with honorable governments can occur in all areas and in a fair and equal manner. Of course, this relationship with the "oppressed states" is only in the form of financial aid and with the "law-breaking states" only in the form of a just war, which from Rawls's point of view is the true concept of justice in the international arena.