نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 35، زمستان 1398)

 The nuclear case has been one of the most complicated issues in the foreign and domestic policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. One of the reasons for this complexity was the contradictory approach of the US and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the enjoyment of "enrichment rights" by member states. US official policy in this regard was based on "zero enrichment" and "suspension of enrichment activities", and Iran, instead, emphasized the "right to enrichment" under the NPT. A historical examination of the US approach to the nuclear case shows that the country has imposed heavy multilateral sanctions on the basis of its understanding that the Islamic Republic of Iran is withdrawing under the international pressures from its positions. But, the ineffectiveness of sanctions on social dissatisfaction and the change of political will of the Islamic Republic of Iran to withdraw its right to enrich and halt the growth of Iran's technical capability to enrich uranium has altered Washington's understanding of the Islamic Republic's behavioral logic in foreign policy. The shift in US strategic understanding led to the Obama administration's shift from "zero enrichment" to "limited enrichment", which played an important role in initiating the process of direct Iran-US negotiations in Oman in 2012.

Developments in the international system and the emergence of economic powers in the Asian continent have doubled the importance of the Continent in the future economic order of the world. Two major economic projects 'One Belt One Road' and 'cotton Route' by China and India are a big step towards achieving the great goal. Chabahar Port is the key of the Indian Cotton Route project. Located along the Oman Sea, the port provides an opportunity for India to join the ancient Silk Road route to Central Asia and Afghanistan. On the other hand, due to its geo-strategic position, Chabahar is the transplant factor between India, Iran as well as the continents of Asia and Africa, therefore, can play an important role in facilitating regional convergence .This research tries to answer the question as what is the role of Chabahar in the regional convergence? And what is the status of the Cotton Route project in the convergence? The hypothesis to answer the question is that due to its geo-strategic and geo-political and geo-economic position, Chabahar have an important role to create a common interest between Iran, Russia, central Asian states, Afghanistan and India in regional convergence, and The Cotton Route project can also be a complement to this convergence through the key role it plays in Indian foreign policy based on the 'Connect Central Asia Policy'. This paper is based on an analytical- descriptive method using both primary and secondary data including documents, reports, books, articles and web sites.

The present article is an exploration of the governance and environmental diplomacy of the Twelfth Government with an emphasis on two case studies. In this paper, the basic principles of environmental diplomacy in the foreign policy paradigm are explained in general and its importance and position are explained. After that, the role of governance and diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this regard will be discussed in particular, and with emphasis on the approaches of the twelfth government, an attempt will be made to picture the successes and failures of Iran's foreign policy in this regard. Explain the environmental challenges of the Caspian Sea. The main idea of ​​the article is that in this field, unfortunately, Iran's environmental governance and diplomacy are facing many problems and challenges, and there is no strong record in these fields, and the government has not been able to expand Iran's capacity and capabilities. Environmental relations and environmental sustainability work well. However, in the negotiations on challenging issues, especially with the neighbors, in order to secure Iran's interests, the successes have been very relative and small. It seems that our diplomatic apparatus has an irreplaceable role in persuading the Iranian government to prevent the implementation of destructive environmental plans and diplomatic bargaining at the level of the Caspian Sea basin countries and to resolve the dust crisis, which needs to be addressed as soon as possible. The more and more effective it is to play this role. This persuasion must be based on the concept of comprehensive security, and the Iranian government must be aware of and act on the issue of the environment in a way that shows that environmental issues are also an important part of the security puzzle. In this view and action plan, it is emphasized that security is not just a political and security aspect, and poor performance in the face of environmental crises can cause social and political challenges. Therefore, in order to ensure comprehensive security, a comprehensive approach to it and a prudent effort to solve the main environmental challenges in Iran is one of the most important issues in Iranian governance and diplomacy.

The approach of moderation as a political approach can help all the supporters and opponents of achieving its goals. Moderation in conceptual foreign policy as opposed to extremism and even reformism is seen as a concept of revisionism and evolutionism, and may be regarded as a kind of conservatism. The Twelfth Government, which insisted on moderation in all areas in the continuity of the Eleventh Government, has been less able to implement and exploit this approach in its foreign policy and regional relations. Accordingly, this paper, using a descriptive-analytical research method, has raised the fundamental question, "How is the effectiveness of the concept of moderation in foreign policy and regional relations of the Twelfth State assessed?" In response to this question and as a formulation of the hypothesis, the paper has analyzed and explained that "the concept of moderation was more abstract and impractical than practical in its twelfth government and its foreign policy, and therefore ineffective". . The findings of the article indicate that with the decline of the twelfth government's moderate approach, the foreign policy process and regional strategy of Iran have again become a security bottleneck and have returned to tensions with world and regional powers. Tensions stemming from the JCPOA deadlock, continued conflict in the Syrian crisis and other regional problems, including tensions with countries such as Saudi Arabia and strategic ambiguity over powers such as the Europeans and the return to direct and intense hostilities with the United States are the most significant signs.

Iran-US relations have formed one of the most stressful contemporary political relations since the Islamic Revolution, and making, and implementation of any decision on these relations is subject to the recognition, justification, and application of the theory appropriate to it. Applying appropriate theory, especially on US-Iran relations, will give decision makers an appropriate framework of thought and make appropriate decisions under this framework, rather than misrepresentations and misinterpretations. Therefore, in this study, we seek to answer the question of how the political relations between Iran and the United States can be justified within the framework of the threat balance theory. The hypothesis that given all four aspects of the threat posed by Stephen Walt - (power, geography, military capabilities, and offensive intentions) that balance them - in Iran-US relations, the two countries' relations fall within the framework of this justified theory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of the theory of threat balance in the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran using scientific-experimental method.

The Middle East region has been involved in a security incident in recent years that one of the main reasons is the strengthening of ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria. Between the countries of the region, Iran in the years after 2005 so far, with regard to the expansion of geopolitics has increased its penetration rate in the Middle East. Give these Conditions, some countries in the region have tried to address the major changes in the geopolitical use all foreign policy tools to balance against competitors. The main purpose of this paper is descriptive – analytical method, regional influence of Iran in the Middle East and rival’s approach to it. The main question of the paper is that what is the most important goal of the Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel and Persian Gulf Cooperation Council to support ISIS? and this hypothesis suggests that limitation of regional and geopolitical territory of Iran is the main purpose of these countries to support ISIS.

The foreign policy of any country is inspired by internal and peripheral variables that directly or indirectly affect it. The political structure of the monarchies of the Persian Gulf is such that it has made foreign policy highly influenced by the king's institutional position. Foreign policy in this country has been heavily influenced by the ruling monarchs, Oman's isolationism during the reign of Saeed bin Timur and its shift to positive balance policy and the flourishing interaction of Sultan Qaboos is a prime example of his powerful role in Oman’s foreign policy. January 10, 2020 Sultan Qaboos died after 50 years of reign. Oman's new king, Haitham bin Tariq, has little track record of foreign policy and relations with Iran. This article seeks to represent possible futures in post- Qaboos foreign policy through a future study method and scenario-based approach. Based on influential factors and effective proponents of Oman's future foreign policy, Including the change of rulers, the views of the ruler, the popular acceptance of the ruling policies, the GCC, the United States and Iran, four scenarios of alignment with the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, return to isolation, continued foreign policy and Oman's regional independence from the GCC, and maximum turnaround to the United States was examined and based on the robustness of the logical order of the scenarios and the severity of the underlying factors in each scenario, Oman's foreign policy continuity scenario after Sultan Qaboos was selected as possible future.

Strategically, West Asia is a momentous region which has always been affected by changes at three national, regional and international levels. As global power relations are changing, there is also the emergence of a new regional architecture in West Asia that can bring widespread considerations for trans-regional countries, including India. India's determination to become a pioneer global power has led to the adoption of active diplomacy and a holistic strategy and comprehensive engagement with powers such as the United States and West Asia. Thus, the article is to study parameters and considerations that India has in its foreign relations with the West Asian countries focusing on the Arab Gulf states, Israel and Iran based on the "LookWest Policy" after Narendra Modi's election for the second term. Through adopting descriptive-analytic approach & utilizing primary & secondary sources the paper is to answer the question that, " What would be the consequences and implications of Modi's victory for India's foreign policy towards West Asia, especially for Iran"? Answering the question, the paper assumes that India's approach to West Asia is clearly influenced by US Middle East policies, and this will make it difficult for India to engage effectively with Iran. Theoretically, the paper has adopted neo-realism theory in order to reach a profound perception of India's relation with West Asia according to this pre- assumption which believes in the importance of the international system structure and its role as a pre-determinant factor of the behavior of countries.

The issue of homegrown terrorism, one of the forms of terrorism in the world, has new dimensions and has now become one of the problems of governments, and especially by European governments, more than ever. The introduction and recognition of homegrown terrorists in Europe, the distinction between types of violence and extremism with terrorism, especially after the Syrian civil war of 2011, attention to the approaches and decisions of politicians and European governments towards this issue are the subject of this study. The issue of homegrown terrorism, one of the forms of terrorism in the world, has new dimensions and has now become one of the problems of governments, and especially by European governments, more than ever. The introduction and recognition of homegrown terrorists in Europe, the distinction between types of violence and extremism with terrorism, especially after the Syrian civil war of 2011, attention to the approaches and decisions of politicians and European governments towards this issue are the subject of this study.

Security as one of the most pressing human needs and as one of the most important concepts of international relations has always been the focus of international relations paradigms. Passive defense, as one of the most effective and enduring ways of defending and securing against threats, has always been a concern for most countries in the world, and even countries such as the US and the Soviet Union, despite having very high military capability, Special attention has been paid, and a country such as Switzerland, despite being neutral in World War II and not facing the threat of this, is paying close attention. The present study addresses the question of what role non-factor defense plays in securing international relations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of passive defense in security. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting the required research information was collected using a library method with reference to authoritative sources, books and articles. results show. The lack of tranquility that comes from defensive defenses is the most important obstacle in moving countries toward their predetermined goals.

In the present study, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, using library resources and texts with the aim of "examining the responsibility of the United States of America due to economic sanctions against Iran", it was based on the legal principle that if a government Damage to other active subjects of international law, or an international obligation being ignored by one of these subjects and causing a violation of an international obligation. These subjects can raise the issue of liability and violation of an international obligation of the aggrieved state by raising that behavior. Pull forward. The results of this study show that the US government's unilateral sanctions against Iran have been unilaterally imposed outside the resolutions and regulations of the UN Charter and are contrary to international and human rights standards, as well as violating bilateral agreements and commitments, including the 1955 MOU. , The Algerian Declaration of 1981 and the Borjam Agreement 2016, which caused material and moral damage to the Islamic Republic of Iran and the right to life, health and well-being of the people and patients who violated Iran and is liable for damages under US law.

The spread of the norm of national sovereignty from Western Europe and its consequences has led to the formation of modern national governments and the emergence of a regional system in Southwest Asia. The formation and development of the norm of national sovereignty in Western Europe has been one of the forces that has played a role in the formation of modern national governments as a kind of organization of human political life. In such a way that the subjects of different national sovereignty were defined as citizens and outside it as foreigners, and the responsibility of separate national sovereignty was limited to the subjects. The expansion of the norm of national sovereignty on a global scale led to the redefinition of premodern political organizations in the form of nation-states, according to which the Ottoman Caliphate as a premodern formation disintegrated into modern national governments, resulting in a regional international system in the south. West Asia evolved in which the pattern of behavior is based on the self-help of independent ruling governments,