فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات
پیاپی 65 (زمستان 1400)

This study focuses on the relationship between popular religion, and social movements. To answer the question of whether popular religion can be a potential stimulant for changing the status quo or only to maintain it, we focused on the popular religious preachers of the second Pahlavi period. The relationship between their actions and words with the issue of "social justice" has been analyzed. the relationship includes two main currents: In the first approach, social justice is not essentially a central issue, and is marginalized by the issue of "purity and identity." In the second approach, social justice is the spirit of popular religion and the moral basis of its religious community. What is important is that among the popular and prominent preachers, the representatives of that first group were more successful both in terms of the number of representatives and the extent of their social influence. The "identity-oriented" and "pure-minded" approaches were finally able, with the help of "religious sermon" and social activity, to connect to specific social strata among the religious traditional middle class and immigrant residents of poor areas of the city. One feared the loss of "purity" and the other was in the search for "shelter" and both concerned with identity. Although this sermon was not based on political preaching, and its primary concern was not "social justice," it was able to stimulate the masses to join a revolution, to take refuge in a charismatic religious-political leader and to seek in him the lost identity and purity.

This article, first reviews the changes occurred and are occurring as the result of the introduction and extension of the internet into the new written media worldwide and also in Iran. After that we concentrate on the effects of this process on newspaper industry in Iran, in particular. Then we look into the new circumstances which newspapers encountered with, and that how newspapers managed the situation. The study consists of investigation on 1)the changing relation between news production, news consumption and advertisement; 2)opening up the newspapers content packages;3)changes regarding the periodically managed newspapers and the question of standardized newspaper contents; and 4) the continuation of the authority of the printed media as the reference in the newspaper industry. The article shows that despite the structural problems which newspapers face, and the quick internet penetration into the newspaper industry, the printed newspaper has been able to keep its authority in the new news industry. The study, based on user traffic and newspaper circulation statistics, shows that the online news industry with opening up the newspaper content packages absorbed newspapers advertisement revenues and forced them to enter a new era of tough circumstances. Structural problems and lack of legal transparency for using new media technologies along with their dependence on government subsidies and the excessive politicization doubled the difficulties. This situation undermined independent journalism and its influence on social life. This may push the political actions to more informal and even underground sphere.

This study aims to recognize the possibility of it in the cultural history of Iran. Delving into the Pre-Bronze and Post-Bronze Age historical eras, we intend to discover the manifestations of feminine knowledge in the mentioned historical period, finding the signs of its permanence in later epochs. In doing so, we have taken the sociology of knowledge into account. The study's method is centered on the historiographical reading of explanatory history texts, which are primarily based on the intersection of two dialectical and hermeneutic approaches, namely the constant interaction between the authors’ subjectivity and the objective history. The study examines the conditions which have led to the emergence of feminine knowledge and its elements in various terrains. This includes theology as the most superior knowledge of any age, myths, mythological theology in the agricultural era and the formation of societies based on that, changes in those theologies, myths after the migration of Aryan, establishing societies rests on State Central. Study indicates how femininity has been altered in these theologies passing such components.Iranian feminine knowledge is primarily centered on "the principality of life and its wisdom", "interwoven subject/object of knowledge pattern," "positional subject," "circular perception of time," and "perception of immortality in material and natural life." Discovering vernacular feminine knowledge patterns rooted in its historical and social foundations, in comparison with the use of non-historical and essentialist theoretical models, will lead to understand and interpret as unbiased as possible the history of Iran, Iranian women and the feminine knowledge.

Today many individual’s lives have been affected by social media in all aspects. Official statistics prove that a significant number of people spend a huge amount of time in social media. NGOs, like other organizations, use social media to stay competitive and attract and manage their stakeholders, such as donors, volunteers, managers, and employees. Developing more effective stakeholder relationships in NGOs requires a more suitable and relevant strategy for using social media. This research has been done in terms of applied-developmental purpose, in terms of descriptive method and qualitative content analysis method. The statistical population includes experts and stakeholders in the two fields of social media and non-governmental organizations. 13 people were interviewed in-depth by the theoretical saturation method. In Iran, due to various barriers and limitations of using many social media platforms, Instagram has been the main used social media platform by NGOs, yet other social media platforms are used as complementary tools with less engagement rates than Instagram. This study research emphasizes the need and the importance to reform the strategy and structure in non-governmental organizations, to the increase the comprehensive knowledge of social media communication, to identify and differentiate the characteristics of different stakeholders and build a network of them for charity purposes. In this study, we found that there is no general public communication strategy due to infrastructural differences including technology, geographical constraints, differences in knowledge, and cultural and individual preparations and to use a contingency and targeted interaction strategy with the stakeholders is suggested.

The experience of broadcasting election debates in Iran in 2009,2013 and 2017 shows that these debates failed to express the views and plans of the candidates and instead of it candidates attacking and invading their competitors. The main purpose of this essay is to identify the conceptual model of debater’s interaction to describe interactions manner with competitors, in order to manage the televised debates.The research method of this research is the theory of grounded theory, and the data were obtained through a semi-structured, deep interview with 14 people who were familiar or involved in the process of planning, producing, and performing of debates.Findings of the research suggest that although personal characteristics and personality of the debaters are influential in choosing the approach of persuasion or action of attack and defense, the sudden change of political space during the election period, the short duration of electoral campaign, media policies in the design of the debate, The lack of mechanisms for verifying claims, inadequate rules for debates are among the factors that made the debaters use this opportunity to attack rivals and raise the level of tension in the program.

Looking at the situation of the media and the press in countries where the rate of corruption is low, we can well understand the defined relationship between the role of the press and the media in the fight against corruption. Since the institutionalization of corruption in the country has caused the country to deviate from the path of development, we seek to identify different trends of corruption in the written and spoken discourses of newspapers and we want to show how this issue with ideologies. Which lies in the production of news is consistent. The four newspapers Vatan-e-Amrooz, Shargh, Etemad, and Kayhan have been used for the study, and each of these newspapers has been selected as a sample to analyze and interpret the issue of corruption based on a theoretical sample. To answer the research questions, the methods of Holliday transient system analysis were used. Through the Holliday transient system, as well as the pattern of highlighting and marginalization, we sought to analyze headlines and news headlines about corruption in each newspaper. We seek to answer the question of how each newspaper introduces the individuals, institutions, organizations and discourses involved in corruption through various techniques. The results show that the press is not neutral and impartial. Each of the newspapers represented the desired issues that were in their interests, and all the efforts of the newspapers in reflecting on corruption, highlighting the corruption attributed to the other and the other, marginalizing and ignoring the corruptions of their own discourse.

In last years, Disorder in democracy, policy-making, journalism, social communication, economics, and objective and mental security has made societies more serious about combating fake news and their sources of production and distribution. Correct confronting fake news – as a new phenome of social networks era - as false, deliberate, and program information that is organized covered, and disseminated in Real news coverage to deceive users has become a serious problem for the professional and great media organizations. In other words, media organizations besides the reporting process need to verify the accuracy of the content and production news on social media. Therefore, in this study, we find the generalities of the recognition 'Fake News' for media Organizations. In order to achieve this goal, in addition to studying the scientific documents, 18 experts of news and media were interviewed, then by analyzing the data using the thematic analysis, we find solutions for recognition of Fake news emphasizing on professional tools fact-checking and osint skills. We also on point of views of professional experts formed how to encounter doubtful news through the definition of the first and second threshold of encounter with fake news.

The purpose of this study is to investigate culture as an empowering and limiting factor in public access to information in Iran; this is an issue that the international community is concerned about, with regard to citizen participation and governments’ accountability in the political, social, economic, and other areas. Freedom of Information and free access to it, is perceived in many countries as a political and civil right, and one of its immediate outcomes is the formation of participatory and consultative democracy, as free access to information allows citizens to intervene in public affairs and this requires the government to be accountable. In addition, the empowerment of citizens, especially marginalized groups, or in other words, silent groups such as the poor, the illiterate, and even in some cases women, who due to inequalities that arising from power relations between social groups, have unequal access, is another reason that highlights the need for free access to information. The experience of different countries shows that with freedom of Information, a context has been provided for the mentioned groups to improve the level of health, education, hygiene, income, and even protection of human rights. In this study, in addition to reviewing the theoretical literature and research background in this field, by addressing the need for public access to information, we have provided an overview of the current situation in Iran. Therefore, our question in this article is which cultural factors and barriers affect citizens' access to the information?

Health communication plays an important role in informing, encouraging self-care and lifestyle changes to prevent illness and promote health literacy. Health communication is significantly effective in the field of health when used in the appropriate media environment. The media have a serious impact on social reality and play an important and vital role in shaping public opinion through frameworks of discussions. The present paper examines the program of Zaraban - as a dialogic program of the health network index - seeking to answer the question of how health is framed in television programs? In this study, the frameworks are extracted by using quantitative content analysis. The selection of the programs was based on a two-weekly sampling sorted in the first six months of 1397. In this study, the sequence is analysis unit and all the sequences in the selected programs are analyzed. The results show that the Zaraban program has framed health in two forms of treatment and prevention. The treatment framework is considerably more prominent and bolder than the prevention framework. Sub-frame review of the treatment section suggests that general information about the disease is of higher priority than other sub-frameworks. Also, in the prevention context, behavioral recommendations for disease prevention are more important than dietary recommendations, psychological, sports, and tobacco or alcohol recommendations. The findings of the research were discussed and explained with regard to the dimensions and levels of health literacy as well as the media policy of the media.

COVID-19 as the most important event of the century has affected individual and social structures. This multifaceted phenomenon has, above all, highlighted the role of the media in responding to the audience's cognitive needs from the crisis. From this perspective, it is important to study the content of the media, including television, to clarify what signs and symbols are used to describe the new world problem.Using the perspectives of framing, representation, and the fact that television as an influential medium plays a role in shaping public opinion, the present study examines the implications of the "Mal Mal" television program, focusing on how the COVID-19 virus is represented.Finally, to the main question of the research, "What image of this new disease does the television program "Mal Mal"narrate to the audience?" responds using the semiotic method. The results show that the representation of disease is beyond the natural as a social phenomenon. In the analysis of parts of this program, it was found that the narrative of disease changes in different parts and different images of the impact of the virus on individual and social life are presented.

HIV / AIDS is a multifaceted biological, social, and psychological problem considerably affecting on the individual and the community. This disease changes a person’s communication by being at the center of a person's social relationship. Disclosure is one of the HIV aspects less researched. The current study aimed to investigate the disclosure issue among female patients in Tehran county. A qualitative methodology and semi-structured interview were used for data collection in the present study. The bullet-shaped sampling was considered as sampling method and sample size was 18 people and they answered questions until theoretical saturation based on informed consent and ethics of confidentiality. Data were collected in spring and summer of 2019. Based on the findings, the experience of the disclosure concept was derived from four main themes and eight sub-themes. The main themes included "disclosure threshold", "fear of disclosure", "disclosure management", and "paradox of disclosure" and the sub-themes covered "dual patient-disease", "border of sense of security and feeling of insecurity", "fear of intolerance", "fear of rejection", "the duality of disclosure", "control of disclosure", "empathy, support", and "exclusion.

Here, "street vending" is dealt with as a form of life among intertwined social groups even subaltern to the contemporary and urban industrial proletariat: 1. The lower inhabitants of the surrounding areas who have agricultural life and livelihood, traditional animal husbandry, and small home or rural or non-industrial workshops ; 2. Lower residents of Tehran or urban centers, who have not benefited from living in these areas; 3. The peripheral labor force, which, due to its youth or being in a position of acceptance of hard work, low status, or filth, becomes a migrant labor force with a marginal labor and income; 4. People who do not have a job, but with the benefit of their class background and having a form of subsistence in their family history, have no choice but to settle down; 5. Those who turn to the second job and enjoy the economic benefits of the form of street vending. The report attempts to use a critical ethnographic approach, based on the author's lived and field experience that contains sensitive concepts, and through a series of in-depth and unstructured interviews with a street vendor, and observation, participation and presence in his field, When this form of life clashes with government sovereignty, urban policy, the order of artificial space, the special construction of social order, and ownership of urban space, it becomes an urban dilemma and social harm, in the words of city managers and professional professionals.