مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و نهم شماره 12 (پیاپی 184، اسفند 1400)

Water can be a carrier environment for pathogens or provide the conditions for the spread of a disease or various infectious cases. Covid-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 12 March 2020. The main routes of transmission of the virus are through drapelet and individual transmission, although recent research confirms the presence of viral RNA in wastewater and thus, further studies on wastewater as a possible source of virus transmission are needed to understand the epidemiology of the virus and methods for its diagnosis and quantification. The presence of the sewage virus could be a warning sign for the re-emergence of Covid 19 in cities. Isolation of sewage wells and in general, care for the entry of water containing virus into water sources will play an important role in controlling the virus. This article reviewed recent articles on the possibility of the presence and transmission of viruses, especially coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), through wastewater, as well as the various methods available for extracting viral RNA and identifying it in wastewater samples. A variety of methods for concentrating viral samples has also been examined to find the best method used to concentrate Covid 19.

Detection of virus in sewage, even if the prevalence of Covid 19 is low, it indicates that sewage monitoring can be a way to monitor the circulation of the virus in the community.

The growing trend of renal failure has focused clinical therapy on the cost-effective alternatives such as peritoneal dialysis. Therefore, the present study has investigated the effectiveness of two methods of continuous and automatic peritoneal dialysis in the patients with end stage renal disease.

This study was conducted in the form of a systematic review. Advanced search was done in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus databases, and in title, abstract, and keyword fields without any restrictions. The inclusion criteria included clinical trial research focused on two methods of peritoneal dialysis. The process of data extraction was performed, using a standard checklist. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Cochrane quality assessment checklist and the results of the indicators were analyzed in the form of meta-analysis.

A total of 5 clinical trials, including 311 patients, were included in the study. All studies had high quality. Automated method has the advantage of continuous procedure in terms of complications such as mortality (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.48 to 4.21), peritonitis (RR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.29), exit-site (RR:1.07,95% CI 0.52 to 2.15) and tunnel (RR 1.01,95%CI 0.18 to 5.67). The kt/v index was better in the automatic method than the continuous method (SMD 0.37, 95%CI 0.01 to 0.73), on the other hand, creatinine clearance in the continuous method was better than the automatic method (SMD -0.40, 95%CI 0.78 to 0.02).

The side effects of the two treatment methods did not differ, but considering the indicators of dialysis adequacy, creatinine clearance was performed better in the continuous outpatient method, while the results of the kt/v index in the automatic method were better. In terms of cost items, along with clinical indicators, it seems that final decision-making for macro-health policies has helped.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathology  of gastric polypoid lesions in the patients and its relationship with gender, age and the size of the lesion in the patients referred to Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd City.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sampling method was census; the records of all the patients with diagnosis of polypoid gastric lesions during the years 2011-2016 were examined. Among these, the information of 102 patients with a diagnosis of gastric polypoid lesion in the pathology examination, including the type of lesion, anatomical location and size along with gender and age was recorded in SPSS software version 16. Data analysis were run through Chi – square test, t test and ANOVA.

In this study, 52% of the patients were in the age group of 50-69 years. The most frequency was  related to the female sex (67.6%), the most common lesions were hyperplastic polyp (56.9%) and polypoid gastritis (17.6%).The most common location of lesions was antrum (35.3% ) and the lowest prevalence was fundus (11.8%). Most polypoid lesions of the stomach were 5-9 mm in size. The results showed that different types of lesions differed significantly in size (P=0.019) and there was no significant relationship between age group and type of lesion (P=0.418), sex and type of lesion (P=0.053).

From the results of this study, it is concluded that the most common type of gastric polyoid lesion is hyperplastic polyp and the most common location is the antrum. The largest polyp is inflammatory fibroid polyp.

Concentration of inflammatory cytokines in serum levels and their role in the success of reproductive cycles with female infertility factors is unknown, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in women with different causes of female infertility during controlled ovarian stimulation cycles.

In this case-control study, 25 infertile women with female infertility or unknown causes (case group) and 24 infertile women with male infertility causes (control group) participated in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles. 5 cc of blood was taken from them on the day of ovulation and after serum isolation, serum IL6 and TNFα levels were measured by ELISA.

In this study, there was no significant difference in TNFα and IL6 levels between case and control groups (P> 0.05). There was also no significant difference in TNFα levels in terms of causes of infertility (P> 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in IL6 level in terms of various causes of infertility (P = 0.02). There was a significant difference between polycystic ovarian as well as unknown group and male factor group considering serum levels of interleukin-6 (P = 0.008, P = 0.02, respectively). Furthermore, the highest level of IL6 (28.3 ±20.36) belonged to the infertility group with unknown cause and a significant relationship was found between IL6 level and the number of oocytes and embryos (P <0.01).

Higher serum IL6 levels in the infertility group with unknown cause could be considered as a factor in the pathogenesis of infertility in the patients with unknown causes and a parameter affecting the number of oocytes and embryos in this group. However, studies with a larger target population are needed to explain this potential indicator.

Inflammation as the body's defense response is accompanied with various diseases. Prostaglandins are major mediators of inflammation produced by the cyclooxygenase enzymes.  So inhibitors of these enzymes can be effective in treating inflammation. There are reports of inhibition of these enzymes by isatin derivatives to control inflammation. Isatin is a heterocyclic compound whose derivatives have been shown outstanding biological profile in medicinal chemistry studies especially anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, derivatives of isatin were investigated for interaction with cyclooxygenase enzymes in order to confirm the experimental   results   whit theory to suggest a possible mechanism.

In this study, some of the isatin –based synthesized derivatives which have been shown anti-inflammatory effects in  in- vitro tests, evaluated by  docking program for interaction with cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes. Also, the pharmacokinetic properties and compliance with the Lipinski law of synthesized compounds were investigated.

The results showed that compounds I2 and I3 have the lowest values of binding energy to both forms of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. All studied compounds followed Lipinski's law.

Compounds I2 and I3 showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro anti-inflammatory studies which is in accordance with docking studies. It can be a confirmation of the possible mechanism of these compounds through inhibition of this enzyme. Enzyme inhibition studies by these derivatives through diagnostic kits are also required for more confirmation

Adherence to diet, fluid restriction is essential in the patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between family-centered empowerment model and diet adherence in hemodialysis patients.

This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that was performed on 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis (30 in each group) in 2016 in Mashhad City. Samples were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to control and test groups. In the experimental group, the family-centered empowerment model and the common care control group were implemented. A demographic questionnaire and adherence to diet was completed by the research participants before and 6 weeks after the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and independent t-test, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p <0.05.

A total of 60 patients (24 females and 36 males) with a mean age of 50.93± 16.77 years were included in the study. The mean score of diet adherence before the intervention was not statistically significant between the experimental and control groups, while after the intervention in the experimental group it was increased, which was statistically significant (p <0.001).

The group that followed the family-centered empowerment model followed the diet and fluids more than the control group, so taking steps to involve the patients' families is likely to increase acceptance of diet and fluids and improve treatment outcomes

Type 2 diabetes is a common multifactorial disease. Studies have shown that the NLRP3 gene plays an important role in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs4612666 polymorphisms of NLRp3 gene with type 2 diabetes in the population of East Azarbaijan province.

In this case-control study, blood samples from 110 patients and 110 healthy individuals as control group were collected. Following to extract of DNA from all samples and the quality assay using electrophoresis, the samples with their specific primers were examined by PCR and electrophoresis. Genotyping of individuals for rs4612666 was performed using PCR-RFLP method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 by descriptive and Chi-square test .The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05

Analysis of the results showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in the frequency of TT, CC and TC genotypes related to rs4612666 polymorphism at NLRP3 gene position (P = 0.000). The percentage of T allele in healthy and unhealthy individuals was 65.9% and 45.9%, respectively, and the percentage of C allele in healthy and unhealthy patients was 34.1% and 54.1%, respectively.

The results of this study suggest that there may be a link between an increase in the C allele and diabetes, although extensive studies are needed to confirm these results.

surgical site infection is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity: use of the prophylactic antibiotic is one of the effective methods for its prevention, the present study aimed to investigate the status of prophylactic administration of antibiotics in Surgery Department of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd City in 2018.

this descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 600 patients from General Surgery Department of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd City in 2018. Data were collected by questionnaire. Selection of the prophylactic antibiotic (pa), the dosage, time, type and the route of antibiotic administration were compared with ASHP ( American Society of Health System Pharmacistis) and -Clinical Medicine Strategy of Using Preventive Antibiotics in Surgeries (Iranian guideline). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 software.

Mean age of the patients was 35.02 ±19.12 years. Regarding the use or non-use of antibiotics 85.2%, the route of administration 85.2%, the dose of the drug 64.7% were in accordance with the instructions. The time of drug prescription was in accordance with the national instructions in 72.3% of cases and in accordance with ASHP in 72.8% of cases. The most inconsistency with ASHP and Iranian guideline was seen in the type of the antibiotic that was in accordance with ASHP and Iranian guideline in 50.7% and 48.8%, respectively. The overall appropriateness of PA was found in 50.7% and 48.8%  cases according to ASHP and Iranian guideline, respectively.  

In the recent study, the most inconsistency with ASHP and Iranian guideline was seen in the type of prescription antibiotic.