نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 46 (زمستان 1400)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the action representation in real performance and observing the basketball free throw in skilled and beginners. In this study, the kinematic parameters of movement during real performance and the eye movements pattern in both real and observation modes were studied. Twenty participants including 10 skilled basketball players and 10 beginners, participated in the study. The research design was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, the subjects performed 10 free throws and their movements were recorded by the motion analysis system, their eye movements were recorded by the pupil-based binocular eye trackers device, and the total movement were recorded for the next display by the camera placed on the head and the external camera. In the second session, after installing the eye tracker system, the individuals watched their performance from a first-person and third-person perspective, and eye movements were recorded. After recording the data, the values of throw accuracy, intra-limb coordination variability, wrist speed at the moment of throw, wrist jerk, quite eye duration, fixation time, and number of fixations were analyzed using independent t-test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (2 × 3) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and a significance level of p≤0.05 was considered. The results showed that the coordination variability was less in skilled basketball players and the eye movement pattern is not only different in skilled and beginners but also in terms of actual performance and observation.

A child's perception of her/his motor competence can play an important mediating role between actual motor competence and physical activity. The aim of this study was to translate into Persian and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC ) in 7-10 Years Old Children Ahvaz. The research strategy and design were descriptive-normative and cross-sectional rrespectively. A total of 256 children aged 7-10 years were selected and evaluated by cluster sampling from different regions of Ahvaz. One week later, one subset (n=98) was randomly selected to determine face validity and another subset (n=87) was selected to determine the reliability of test-retest. The research tool was PMSC test. Descriptive statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis, intra-class correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were used. Face validity was better for object control skills. Cronbach's alpha Results were acceptable in both subtests and the whole test (0.74 to 0.94). Intra-class correlation was high for locomotor subtest (0.90), object control subtest (0.91) and total test (0.94). The hypothesized two-factor model was tested and confirmed. Fit indices had acceptable values. Considering the confirmation of the validity and reliability of PMSC , it can be used with confidence to assess the perceived competence of Ahwaz children's motor skills. Since the samples were only from children in Ahvaz, the results may not be generalizable for all children in Iran. Future studies should evaluate the characteristics of test based on the cultural diversity of other regions.

The effects of 14 weeks of kata versus aerocombat training on social interactions of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were investigated. The study included 54 eligible children whom they assigned to kata , or aerocombat or no-exercise control group . Participants of the exercise groups received kata techniques or aerocombat instructions three times per week for 14 weeks (42 sessions). The social interaction were assessed at baseline, week 14, and at one month follow up in the three groups via the social dysfunction sunscale of Gilliam,Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2). Statistical analyses were performed with a repeated measures of analysis of variance, a one-way analysis of variance a paired t-test, and an idependent t-test. Results showed that both kata techniques and aerocombat training improved social interactions of the two exercise groups. It was also found that aerocombat exercises played more prominent role in improving social interactions than kata techniques. After 30 days of no practice social interaction in the exercise groups remained significantly decreased compared to pre-intervention time. The participants of the control group did not show significant changes in the outcome variable. It seems that teaching kata techniques and aerocombat exercises to children with ASD consistently improves their social interactions The role played by aerocombat training in improving social interactions was significantly greater than kata . Iit should be noted that the nature of martial arts could be considered as a key option in prescribing martial arts based interventions in children with ASD for improving their social interactions.

The action-specific account of perception asserts that spatial perception is scaled by the perceiver's capabilities for action. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of skill level and task difficulty on distance perception by rock climbers. Skilled (n= 15, Mage = 23.80 ± 2.70 years; rock climbing experience = 3.80 ± 1.74 years) and novice (n = 15, Mage= 22.73 ± 3.14 years; rock climbing experience < two months) rock climbers were asked to verbally estimate their distance to target holds on the indoor climbing wall. Climbing difficulty was manipulated by requiring the participants to wear a heavy backpack or taking it off (no-backpack condition) while judging their distances to the hold targets on the wall. The estimated distances as the dependent variable were analyzed by a mixed design (split-plot) analysis of variance with target distance and task difficulty as within-subjects factors, and skill level as a between-subjects factor. Results showed that the novices estimated the target distances to be farther compared to the skilled rock climbers. Furthermore, the participants perceived the target climbing holds on the no-backpack condition were easier to reach than on the backpack condition. For skilled and novice rock climbers, the distances looked farther on the backpack condition than on the no-backpack condition. The results generally suggest that individuals perceive the environment based on their capabilities to perform actions and that the action-specific perception is common to various types of settings, including indoor rock climbing.

The aim of this study was to develop a educational, training package for people with autism spectrum disorder and to investigate the effect of this package on some of Autistic traits these people. In this experimental study, the researcher at first developed a special training package for people with autism spectrum disorder, then, randomly divided 28 male students with this disorder in the age range of 8-20 years into two experimental (14 students) and control (14 student) groups. The experimental group performed 24 sessions 2-3 time per week of the training program of educational, training package and both groups were pre- and post-test before and after the implementation of the training program by Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ). The results of this study were analyzed using covariance analysis test. After analyzing the results, the strengths and weaknesses of the designed educational, training package were identified, this package was modified and the final version was presented to the community for presentation.The results of this study showed that the designed educational, training package was not able to significantly change the weight and body mass index of these peoples (P> 0.05).These results showed that if the educational, training package is presented in the form presented in this research and according to the principles and foundations presented in this training package, it can reduce the symptoms of autism (improving social skills and people's relationships).

Excessive research has examined various physical activities to replace the elderly.The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different exercises on the balance of the elderly as a systematic and meta-analysis of studies in Iran. For the present study, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar databases from 2001 to 2019 were searched along with keywords. After the initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A total of 191 articles were initially reviewed, of which 17 articles met the criteria for functional equilibrium, 33 articles received the inclusion criteria for dynamic balance, and 11 articles received the inclusion criteria for static balance. Accordingly, 2472 elderly people who were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups of 1224 and 1236, respectively, were 1217 (female) and 1171 (male). The mean age of the subjects in the present study was 66 years. The results of meta-analysis showed that differentexercises improve functional balance, dynamic balance, and static balance in the elderly. The results of meta-analysis Showed that different exercises, high and significant effect on functional balance (ES = 0: z = 15.46 p = 0.001) and take-off and departure time (ES = 0: z = 11.96 p = 0.001) and a significant effect on static equilibrium (ES = 0: z = 6.77 p = 0.001). The results of this study showed that various sports exercises are effective in improving functional, dynamic, and static balance in the elderly.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the scientific products in the field of physical activity of students in primary schools, using scientometrics and descriptive method and co-occurrence of keywords technique, Scopus and Pubmed databases were examined using VOSViewer and SPSS software. The findings identified 10 clusters in which the terms "obesity", "health promotion", "intervention" and "nutrition and health", "physical education" and "medical" in the most common category and "architecture and physical factors" it was one of the lesser-known areas. The growth of scientific production showed an upward trend that has accelerated since 2011. The share of the United States, Australia and Canada in the number of releases was the highest. Analysis of Iranian scientific products showed the highest level of cooperation with Malaysia, USA and New Zealand that 46.15% of the researches were focused on the medical, 23.07% nutrition, 15.38% rehabilitation and 7.69% on the field of behavioral and ergonomics.Most of these studies were conducted in primary schools in Tehran. More than 85% of these studies among the faculties of medical sciences and only 15% of the productions were the achievements of the faculties of architecture and management. Findings of this research, in addition to emphasizing the need to pay attention to the position of motor behavior in Iran due to the low trend of publication, will help future researchers to identify more of the leading gaps such as lack in non-medical fields, saving time by not dealing with repetitive topics, take steps to fill these gaps.