نشریه تامین اجتماعی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 59، بهار 1400)

 Most social security resources in Iran are based on receiving insurancepremiums while employment in the informal sector reduces the number ofinsurers. Thus, informal employment causes the loss of income sources of the Social Security Organization

Due to the importance of the issue of lost financial resources for the Social Security Organization, in the present study, by calculating the amount ofinformal employment in economic sectors between 1392 and 1398, we try toestimate and analyze the lost financial resources due to informal employment.

For this purpose, using the expenditure and income data of households in the mentioned period and using the indicators of social insurance and the minimum legal wage, the amount of informal employment was measured interms of regions and economic sectors, and the structure was analyzed. Then,using a descriptive method and applying the concept of expandable informalemployment, the number of resources lost in the major economic sectors andrelated sectors was calculated provincially and nationally.

The results indicate that first, in the studied years, the share of informalemployment in total employment has increased. Also, among the four majoreconomic sectors, the agricultural sector has the highest number of informalemployees. Second, the financial resources lost due to informal employment havedecreased during this period. In addition, among the four major economic sectors,the industries and mines sector has got the most lost social security resources.

Digitalization is transforming societies and economies worldwide atan unprecedented scale and pace. Following this phenomenon, new forms ofemployment have been emerging in various sectors, such as the digital platformeconomy. The emergence of new forms of employment, such as work on digitalplatforms, requires the adaptation of the existing social protection systems to thespecific situation and needs of such workers.    

The present paper is based on descriptive - analytic method, seekingthe answer to this question: How can social protection systems adapt to changingforms of work to ensure full and effective coverage for workers in all forms ofemployment, including “new” forms of employment in digital platforms?  

Findings demonstrate that current social protection coverage for workerson digital platforms reveals significant gaps and risks. Therefore, focusing the challenges and opportunities generated by the digital economy, we tried to identify and introduce common features that lead to development of mechanismsof reducing the gaps and risks. Combining the contributory and non-contributorymechanisms based on equitable and sustainable financing mechanisms, we try toensure comprehensive and adequate social security for all.

Health expenditure has a significant impact on social and economic life of human societies and includes an important share of the household basket. In recent years, the economic shocks that occurred in the country led to a change in household consumption patterns, especially in the area of health expenditure. Therefore, considering the importance of this sector in development and economic growth of the country, it is necessary to examine the effects of these shocks on this sector. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of shocks of macroeconomic variables on household health expenditure in different provinces. 

The Bayesian Panel VAR model in Matlab software was used to estimatedata during the period 2001-2019 for all provinces of Iran.

The results showed that inflation shock, government spending shock, oil revenue shock as well as the exchange rate shock have a positive and significant effect on the household health expenditure in all provinces. Meanwhile, the results of analyzing the variance show that after 20 periods, except for the variable effect, the maximum and minimum impact of shocks on health expenditure for most of the provinces were inflation and exchange rates, respectively.  

The results showed that inflation shock, government spending shock, oil revenue shock as well as the exchange rate shock have a positive and significant effect on the household health expenditure in all provinces. Meanwhile, the results of analyzing the variance show that after 20 periods, except for the variable  effect, the maximum and minimum impact of shocks on health expenditure for most of the provinces were inflation and exchange rates, respectively.

Considering the positive impact of shocks on increasing the household health expenditure and also high importance of this variable in economic growth and development, it is necessary for the government and planners to have appropria policies and programs to reduce the effects of these shocks and supporting vulnerable households, especially in recent years, when these fluctuations have intensified.

Countries have implemented various policies aimed at creating jobs for the youth. One of these policies has been the early retirement plan to open job opportunities for young people; However, due to low fertility rate and increasing life expectancy, the society is facing the challenge of aging, which requires attention to maintain and create jobs for the elderly. Due to the high cost of these schemes for pension funds and social security system, these schemes were gradually removed from the agenda and stricter social security laws were introduced. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of implemented policies and their results indifferent countries in this field.

 In this research, by comparative study method, the experience of implementing the abovementioned policies as well as the literature of related experimental research have been reviewed. Totally, the experience of 15 structural modifications in 9 countries has been reviewed along with 14 foreign studies and 5 related domestic studies.

The results shows that in most of the surveyed countries, early retirement has led to a decrease in the employment rate of young people and the elderly. Some countries have experienced an increase in the employment of both groups by repealing this policy and implementing policies related to the type of employment of young people and the elderly. The results of some studies emphasize the negative relationship or lack of obvious relationship between youth unemployment rate and elderly employment.

In this study, the status of development and implementation of Articles 67, 68 and 69 of the Social Security Law was examined and scrutinized.

The methodological approach of this research is qualitative. The technique of data collection was semi-structured interview, study of documents, international treaties, laws and regulations of the Social Security Organization.

A review of the laws showed that articles with the content of maternity leave and maternity allowance were introduced into the insurance laws of Iran in 1325. The issue of maternity leave was considered over time, so that its duration from 12 weeks in the law approved in 1975, increased to more than 38 weeks in the law amending the laws of population and family planning approved in 1392. Also, interviews with experts to identify the challenges of drafting and implementing Articles 67, 68 and 69 of the Social Security Law revealed five general themes consisting of law interpretation; lack of claims by the insured; haste in passing the Social Security Law; generosity of the legislature; and challenges of other laws enforcement.

The results showed that the “insured spouse of a man” is not entitled to the benefits set forth in Article 67. The “allowances” indicated in Article 68 as well as Article 69 do not apply to “insured woman” and “insured spouse of man”. Finally, if we measure the adequacy of maternity benefits based on the criteria of the International Labor Organization Convention No. 183, based on the texts studied in theresearch, the situation of Iran in the index of maternity leave with more than 38 weeks, is favorable and even higher than the standards of this convention with a significant difference.In this regard, the cash benefits paid by the Social Security Organization are equal to thestandards of Convention No. 183, as well. Therefore, the status of the adequacy indexof maternity allowance in Iran is far higher than the standards set by the International Labor Organization.

Today, one of the key factors for the success of organizations to achieveexcellence is attracting the opinion and satisfaction of stakeholders, especiallycustomers. However, it seems that the occurrence of errors and mistakes in providingcustomer service provided by the human resources of the organization is one of theexceptions. But in the real world, mistakes happen. As a result of addressing the issueof human resource performance reliability (error-free performances) in the Social Security Organization.

This study aims to design a model for measuring and evaluating the reliabilityof human resource performance in social security organizations.

In this research, HEART method, which is one of the most accurate methodsin measuring and evaluating reliability, has been used.

For this purpose, with the use of the research literature, a questionnaire wascompleted by experts and human resources in order to collect information, analyzethe human resources jobs and identify the errors of each of the human resources jobs.

Based on the information obtained and using the HEART method, aftercalculation and analysis, it can be concluded that the factors including “how tocommunicate with employers”, “doing more than an individual’s capacity”, ae wellas “interaction and communication between managers and managers” are the mostimportant causes of errors due to lack of concentration during the implementation ofuse Result r service, which have been affected by more than 70%.

After the final evaluations, the reliability of these errors was 0.988, whichmeans that, on average, out of every 1000 user activities, 98 errors were recorded.

This study investigates the external factors affecting the client’s satisfaction of the Islamshahr insurance branch – Tehran. A variety of factors including brand, location, marketing, online communication channels, related organizations and personalcharacteristics of the clients as independent variables, besides client satisfaction as a dependent variable have been considered in this research.

According to the applied objective of the research, the survey method was used. The statistical population in this study consists of 240,000 clients of the Islamshahr insurance branch. Using Cochran’s formula, 384 of these people were selected as asample by the use of simple random sampling. The Likert questionnaire was also used to collect statistical sample opinions. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha according to its value (0.78).

The results of this study show that the proposed model has a strong overall fit (GOF value, 0.69), good quality (CV-COM for all non-negative structures), reliability (Cronbach’s alpha for all structures greater than 0.7), as well as the validity of recognition and validity of the structural model (the factor load of each item on the relevant structure is greater than the factor load of the same item on other structures). Moreover, the factor of online communication channels compared to other factors has the greatest effect on client’s satisfaction (beta path coefficients for the factor of offline communication channels are larger than other factors).Therefore, focusing on the items affecting the online communication channels can solve many problems in the process of improving the satisfaction of the Islamshahr branch clients.

The health, economic, and social consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have highlighted the need for collaboration among all agents to face a scenario that we have not before seen. 

The aims of this paper are to analyze the involvement that large Spanish companies have shown during the toughest moments of the epidemic and to determine the objectives these companies have pursued with them.

The results show that several firms have shown a great commitment with society, developing actions that alleviate the consequences of the COVID-19 like others have developed several strategies with different objectives. More concretely, three clusters of responsibility have been identified: (i) protecting only the interests of shareholders and investors; (ii) favoring the wellbeing of the Spanish society in general and vulnerable groups in particular; and (iii) combining the previous altruistic actions  with commercial interests.